Abstract
In this paper, the thermomechanical process and hot rolling process were carried out to study the microstructure evolution and mechanical property of low-alloy steel used for armor layer of flexible pipes by analyzing continuous cooling transformation curve, microstructure morphology, grain characteristics, and strength. The experimental results indicate that deformation process promotes phase transformation process of both ferrite and bainite and induces the formation of fine grain. The density of low-angle grain boundary rises with increasing cooling rate. The dislocation concentration in grain becomes larger with the extended cooling rate. The microstructure of hot-rolled specimen consists of polygonal ferrite and granular bainite, which is consistent with one of the deformed specimens with similar cooling rate in dilatometer. The microstructure evolution provides effective data fundament for hot rolling process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.B. Zheng, H.K. Jiang, and Y.L. Huang, Hydrogen Permeation Behaviour of X56 Steel in Simulated Atmospheric Environment Under Loading, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2011, 46, p 365–367
J. Zhao, X. Wang, W. Hu, J. Kang, G. Yuan, H. Di, and R.D.K. Misra, Microstructure and Mechanism of Strengthening of Microalloyed Pipeline Steel: Ultra-Fast Cooling (UFC) Versus Laminar Cooling (LC), J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2511–2520
A. Kavousi Sisi and S.E. Mirsalehi, Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X52 Linepipe HFIW Joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 1626–1633
L.F. de Paiva and M.A. Vaz, An Empirical Model for Flexible Pipe Armor Wire Lateral Buckling Failure load, Appl. Ocean. Res., 2017, 66, p 46–54
Y. Bai, T. Liu, W.D. Ruan, and W. Chen, Mechanical Behavior of Metallic Strip Flexible Pipe Subjected to Tension, Compos. Struct., 2017, 170, p 1–10
J.R.M. de Sousa, G.C. Campello, C.E.F. Kwietniewski, G.B. Ellwanger, and T.R. Strohaecker, Structural Response of a Flexible Pipe with Damaged Tensile Armor Wires Under Pure Tension, Mar. Struct., 2014, 39, p 1–38
Y.J. Jin, R.F. Li, Z.S. Yu, and Y. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Plasma Arc Brazed AISI, 304L Stainless Steel and Galvanized Steel Plates, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 1327–1335
K. Srivatsa, P. Srinivas, G. Balachandran, and V. Balasubramanian, Room Temperature Microstructure and Property Evaluation of a Heat Treated Fully Bainitic 20CrMoVTiB410 Steel, JOM, 2016, 68, p 2704–2712
M. Masoumi, M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, and H.F.G. de Abreu, Effect of Microstructure and Texture on Anisotropy and Mechanical Properties of SAE 970X Steel Under Hot Rolling, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2847–2854
C. Liu, J.W. Yang, Q.L. Ge, F. Gao, and J.S. Zou, Mechanical Properties Improvement of Thick Multi-Pass Weld by Layered Ultrasonic Impact Treatment, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2017, 1, p 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2017.1327201
P. Gong, E.J. Palmiere, and W.M. Rainforth, Thermomechanical Processing Route to Achieve Ultrafine Grains in Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels, Acta. Mater., 2016, 119, p 43–54
N.N. Jia, K. Guo, Y.M. He, Y.H. Wang, J.G. Peng, and T.S. Wang, A Thermomechanical Process to Achieve Mechanical Properties Comparable to Those of Quenched-Tempered Medium-C Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2017, 700, p 175–182
Y.Z. Shen, Z.X. Shang, Z.Q. Xu, W.W. Liu, X. Huang, and H. Liu, The Nature of Nano-Sized Precipitates in Ferritic/Martensitic Steel P92 Produced by Thermomechanical Treatment, Mater. Charact., 2016, 119, p 13–23
J.I. Omale, E.G. Ohaeri, A.A. Tiamiyu, M. Eskandari, K.M. Mostafijur, and J.A. Szpunar, Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of X70 Pipeline Steel after Different Yhermomechanical Treatments, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2017, 703, p 477–485
Q.Y. Sha, G.Y. Li, and D.H. Li, Static Recrystallized Grain Size of Coarse-Grained Austenite in an API-X70 Pipeline Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22, p 3626–3630
E.V. Morales, I.S. Bott, R.A. Silva, A.M. Morales, and L.F.G. de Souza, Characterization of Carbon-Rich Phases in a Complex Microstructure of a Commercial X80 Pipeline Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2736–2745
J. Cao, J. Yan, J. Zhang, and T.R. Yu, Effects of Thermomechanical Processing on Microstructure and Properties of Bainitic Work Hardening Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2015, 639, p 192–197
X.J. Liang and A.J. Deardo, A Study of the Influence of Thermomechanical Controlled Processing on the Microstructure of Bainite in High Strength Plate Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45A, p 5173–5184
J. Sun, K. Ji, C.W. Jiang, and Y.C. Zhang, Influence of Various Heat Treatment Stages on Evolution of Microstructure and Grain in H407 Steel, Met. Mater. Int., 2016, 22, p 872–879
J.P. Li, Z.G. Liu, X.L. Bai, and P. Li, Influence of Asymmetric Monotonic Hot Rolling on Microstructures and Mechanical Property of Microalloyed Steel, J. Wuhan. Univ. Technol., 2017, 32, p 422–429
X.J. Shen, S. Tang, J. Chen, Z.Y. Liu, and G.D. Wang, Improving Toughness of Heavy Steel Plate by Deformation Distribution Under Low Finish Cooling Temperature, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 3682–3690
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Bainite: Overall Transformation Kinetics, J. Phys., 1982, 43, p 443–448
M.J. Santofimia, F.G. Caballero, C. Capdevila, C. Garcia-Mateo, and C.G. de Andres, Evaluation of Displacive Models for Bainite Transformation Kinetics in Steels, Mater. Trans., 2006, 47, p 492–1500
S.M.C. van Bohemen and D.N. Hanlon, A Physically Based Approach to Model the Incomplete Bainitic Transformation in High-Si steels, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2012, 103, p 987–991
A.M. Ravi, J. Sietsma, and M.J. Santofimia, Bainite Formation Kinetics in Steels and the Dynamic Nature of the Autocatalytic Nucleation Process, Scr. Mater., 2017, 140, p 82–86
A.M. Ravi, J. Sietsma, and M.J. Santofimia, Exploring Bainite Formation Kinetics Distinguishing Grain-Boundary and Autocatalytic Nucleation in High and Low-Si steels, Acta Mater., 2016, 105, p 155–164
X.J. Shen, S. Tang, J. Chen, Z.Y. Liu, R.D.K. Misra, and G.D. Wang, Grain Refinement in Surface Layers through Deformation-Induced Ferrite Transformation in Microalloyed Steel Plate, Mater. Des., 2017, 113, p 137–141
H. Dong and X.J. Sun, Deformation Induced Ferrite Transformation in Low Carbon Steels, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2005, 9, p 269–276
Z.P. Xiong, A.A. Saleh, A.G. Kostryzhev, and E.V. Pereloma, Strain-Induced Ferrite Formation and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties of a Dual Phase Steel Produced Using Laboratory Simulated Strip Casting, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 721, p 291–306
C. Ghosh, C. Aranas, Jr., and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic Transformation of Deformed Austenite at Temperatures Above the Ae3, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2016, 82, p 151–233
J.E. Burke and D. Turnbull, Recrystallization and Grain Growth, Prog. Met. Phys., 1952, 3, p 220–292
A. Clair, M. Foucault, O. Calonne, Y. Lacroute, L. Markey, M. Salazar, V. Vignal, and E. Finot, Strain Mapping near a Triple Junction in Strained Ni-Based Alloy Using EBSD and Biaxial Nanogauges, Acta. Mater., 2011, 59, p 3116–3123
Y. Cao and H.S. Di, Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy (800H) at Temperatures above 1000 °C, J. Nucl. Mater., 2015, 465, p 104–115
Y. Cao, H.S. Di, and R.D.K. Misra, The Impact of Aging Pre-Treatment on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Alloy 800H at 750 °C, J. Nucl. Mater., 2014, 452, p 77–86
Y. Tian, Q. Li, Z.D. Wang, and G.D. Wang, Effects of Ultra Fast Cooling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pipeline Steels, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 3307–3314
L.Y. Lan, Z.Y. Chang, X.W. Kong, C.L. Qiu, and D.W. Zhao, Phase Transformation, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of X100 Pipeline Steels Based on TMCP and HTP Concepts, J. Mater. Sci., 2017, 52, p 1661–1678
C.H. Song, H. Yu, L.L. Li, T. Zhou, J. Lu, and X.H. Liu, The Stability of Retained Austenite at Different Locations During Straining of I&Q&P Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 670, p 326–334
C. Hofer, F. Winkelhofer, H. Clemens, and S. Primig, Morphology Change of Retained Austenite During Austempering of Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 664, p 236–246
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for financial support from Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (1062931702), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2015AA03A501), Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 51305285, 51605203), and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20180984).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Z., Chen, S., Gao, X. et al. Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Property of Low-Alloy Steel Used for Armor Layer of Flexible Pipe During Thermomechanical Process and Hot Rolling Process. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 107–116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3723-x
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3723-x