Abstract
The mixing behavior of compositional modifiers into viscous liquid BOF slag was studied using fluid flow modeling under industrially relevant conditions. The Volume of Fluid-Large Eddy Simulation-Discrete Phase Model was used to simulate the gas-solid particle-liquid slag turbulent flow. The area fraction of the particle migration zone was calculated to quantify the mixing process. The results show that increasing gas flow rate and/or depth of lance submergence can shrink the quiescent region at the bottom of the slag pot, shortening the mixing process. Influence of the lance submergence depth is more significant on the particle mixing process. The input energy flux can be used as a measure to quantitatively evaluate the mixing behavior. Additionally, it was confirmed that increasing the slag viscosity prolongs the mixing process. Particle size in the range that was studied has little influence on the particle migration.
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Abbreviations
- \( a_{1} \), \( a_{2} \), \( a_{3} \) :
-
Constants in drag coefficient for spherical particle
- \( A \) :
-
Cross-section area of lance (m2)
- \( A_{\text{p}} \) :
-
Area of the particle migration zone, (m2)
- \( A_{\text{s}} \) :
-
Area of the slag phase in the slag pot, (m2)
- \( C_{\text{d}} \) :
-
Drag coefficient
- \( C_{\text{s}} \) :
-
Model constant in LES-DSL model
- \( C_{\text{VM}} \) :
-
Virtual mass factor, 0.5
- \( d_{ij} \), \( d_{kl} \), \( d_{lk} \) :
-
Deformation tensor (s−1)
- \( d_{\text{p}} \) :
-
Particle diameter (mm)
- \( E_{\text{In}} \) :
-
Input energy flux accompanied with the gas phase [kJ/(m2 s)]
- \( E_{\text{ke}} \) :
-
Power input from gas kinetic energy (W)
- \( F_{\text{int}} \) :
-
Interphase force (N)
- \( F_{\text{D}} \) :
-
Drag force (N)
- \( F_{\text{L}} \) :
-
Lift force (N)
- \( F_{\text{VM}} \) :
-
Virtual mass force (N)
- \( {\text{Fr}}_{\text{m}} \) :
-
Modified Froude number
- \( g \) :
-
Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
- \( k \) :
-
Constant coefficient in lift force, 2.594
- \( K \) :
-
Curvature (1/m)
- \( l \) :
-
Depth of lance submergence (m)
- \( l_{\text{s}} \) :
-
Characteristic length of the system (m)
- \( m \) :
-
Particle mass (kg)
- \( \dot{n} \) :
-
Molar flow rate (mol/s)
- \( p \) :
-
Pressure (Pa)
- \( p_{\text{a}} \) :
-
Atmosphere pressure (Pa)
- \( Q_{\text{a}} \) :
-
Gas flow rate at \( P_{\text{a}} \) and slag temperature (m3/s)
- \( Q_{\text{g}} \) :
-
Injected gas flow rate (Nm3/s)
- \( R \) :
-
Gas constant [8.314 J/(mol K)]
- \( \text{Re} \) :
-
Reynolds number
- \( S \) :
-
Source term in the momentum equation
- \( {\text{St}} \) :
-
Stokes number
- \( t \) :
-
Time (s)
- \( T \) :
-
Particle migration time (s)
- \( T_{\text{in}} \) :
-
Temperature of the gas phase entering the slag pot (K)
- \( T_{\text{s}} \) :
-
Slag temperature (K)
- \( u \) :
-
Velocity, m/s
- \( v \) :
-
Particle velocity, m/s
- \( v_{\text{s}} \) :
-
Characteristic velocity of the system (m/s)
- \( V_{\text{p}} \) :
-
Particle volume (mm3)
- \( \alpha \) :
-
Phase volume fraction
- \( \beta \) :
-
Particle loading ratio
- \( \eta_{1} \) :
-
Conversion efficiency of the gas kinetic power
- \( \eta_{2} \) :
-
Conversion efficiency of the gas buoyancy power due to heating
- \( \mu \) :
-
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa s)
- \( \nu \) :
-
Kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)
- \( \rho \) :
-
Density (kg/m3)
- \( \sigma \) :
-
Surface tension coefficient
- \( \bar{\tau } \) :
-
Stress tensor (N/m2)
- \( \varPhi \) :
-
Area fraction of the particle migration zone (Pct)
- g:
-
Gas phase
- l:
-
Liquid slag phase
- p:
-
Solid particle phase
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Acknowledgments
The authors highly acknowledge the financial support from an IWT Project 140514 (Belgium). Yannan Wang would like to give his thanks to the China Scholarship Council (CSC).
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Manuscript submitted February 11, 2020.
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Wang, Y., Cao, L., Cheng, Z. et al. Mixing Characteristics of Additives in Viscous Liquid BOF Slag. Metall Mater Trans B 51, 2147–2158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01892-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01892-y