Skip to main content
Log in

Evolution of A-Type Macrosegregation in Large Size Steel Ingot After Multistep Forging and Heat Treatment

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A-type macrosegregation refers to the channel chemical heterogeneities that can be formed during solidification in large size steel ingots. In this research, a combination of experiment and simulation was used to study the influence of open die forging parameters on the evolution of A-type macrosegregation patterns during a multistep forging of a 40 metric ton (MT) cast, high-strength steel ingot. Macrosegregation patterns were determined experimentally by macroetch along the longitudinal axis of the forged and heat-treated ingot. Mass spectroscopy, on more than 900 samples, was used to determine the chemical composition map of the entire longitudinal sectioned surface. FORGE NxT 1.1 finite element modeling code was used to predict the effect of forging sequences on the morphology evolution of A-type macrosegregation patterns. For this purpose, grain flow variables were defined and implemented in a large scale finite element modeling code to describe oriented grains and A-type segregation patterns. Examination of the A-type macrosegregation showed four to five parallel continuous channels located nearly symmetrical to the axis of the forged ingot. In some regions, the A-type patterns became curved or obtained a wavy form in contrast to their straight shape in the as-cast state. Mass spectrometry analysis of the main alloying elements (C, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, P, and S) revealed that carbon, manganese, and chromium were the most segregated alloying elements in A-type macrosegregation patterns. The observed differences were analyzed using thermodynamic calculations, which indicated that changes in the chemical composition of the liquid metal can affect the primary solidification mode and the segregation intensity of the alloying elements. Finite element modeling simulation results showed very good agreement with the experimental observations, thereby allowing for the quantification of the influence of temperature and deformation on the evolution of the shape of the macrosegregation channels during the open die forging process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. FORGE NxT 1.1 is a trademark of Transvalor S.A., France.

References

  1. G. Lesoult: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, vols. A413–A414, pp. 19–29.

  2. M. Wu, J. Li, A. Kharicha, and A. Ludwig: in Proc. 2013 Int. Symp. on Liquid Metal Processing & Casting, Austin, TX, M.J.M. Krane, A. Jardy, R.L. Williamson, and J.J. Beaman, eds., 2013, pp. 171–80.

  3. J.J. Moore and N.A. Shah: Int. Mater. Rev., 1983, vol. 28, pp. 383–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Y.F. Cao, Y. Chen, and D.Z. Li: Acta Mater., 2016, vol. 107, pp. 325–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M.T. Rad, P. Kotas, and C. Beckermann: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, vol. 44A, pp. 4266–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. E.J. Pickering and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: J. Pressure Vess. Technol., 2014, vol. 136, pp. 031403-1–031403-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Loucif, E. Ben Fredj, M. Jahazi, L.-P. Lapierre-Boire, R. Tremblay, and R. Beauvais: Proc. 6th Int. Congr. on the Science and Technology of Steelmaking (ICS2015), Beijing, 2015, pp. 1043–46.

  8. J. Miettinen: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1997, vol. 28B, pp. 281–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. B. Santillana, R. Boom, D. Eskin, H. Mizukami, M. Hanao, and M. Kawamoto: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, vol. 43A, pp. 5048–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Olsson, R. West, and H. Fredriksson: Scand. J. Metall., 1986, vol. 15, pp. 104–12.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Y.F. Cao, Y. Chen, P.X. Fu, H.W. Liu, and D.Z. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, vol. 48A, pp. 2260–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. E.J. Pickering, C. Chesman, S. Al-Bermani, M. Holland, P. Davies, and J. Talamantes-Silva: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, vol. 46B, pp. 1860–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Ge, F. Ren, J. Li, X. Han, M. Xia, and J. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, vol. 48A, pp. 1139–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. M.P. Groover: Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems, 4th ed, Wiley, New York, 2010, pp. 406–407.

    Google Scholar 

  15. W.L. Zhao and Q.X. Ma: Mater. Trans., 2015, vol. 56, pp. 850–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. N. Harris, D. Shahriari, and M. Jahazi: J. Manuf. Processes, 2017, vol. 26, pp. 131–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. K. Chadha, D. Shahriari, and M. Jahazi: Metall. Ital., 2016, 4, pp. 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  18. FORGE NxT 1.0®, Transvalor S.A., Cedex, France.

  19. B. Sang, X. Kang, and D. Li: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2010, vol. 210, pp. 703–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. E.J. Pickering: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 935–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. K. Suzuki and K. Miyamoto: Trans. ISIJ, 1978, vol. 18, pp. 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  22. B.K. Dhindaw, T. Antonsson, J. Tinoco, and H. Fredriksson: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, vol. 35A, pp. 2869–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. G.E. Totten, L. Xie, and K. Funatani: Handbook of Mechanical Alloy Design, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 2014, pp. 133–34.

    Google Scholar 

  24. M. Fujda: JMMM, 2005, vol. 15, pp. 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada in the form of a Collaborative Research and Development Grant (CRDG) under Grant No. 470174 is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdelhalim Loucif.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted September 9, 2017.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Loucif, A., Ben Fredj, E., Harris, N. et al. Evolution of A-Type Macrosegregation in Large Size Steel Ingot After Multistep Forging and Heat Treatment. Metall Mater Trans B 49, 1046–1055 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1255-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1255-2

Keywords

Navigation