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Allogene Stammzelltransplantation

Klinische Praxis und Perspektiven

Allogenic stem cell transplantation

Clinical practice and perspectives

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best practice onkologie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (HSCT) spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Behandlung zahlreicher maligner und nichtmaligner hämatologischer Systemerkrankungen. Nach ihrer Erstbeschreibung durch E. Donnal Thomas im Jahr 1957 hat die HSCT eine rasante Entwicklung erfahren. Durch die Möglichkeit zur Gewinnung peripherer Blutstammzellen („peripheral blood stem cells“, PBSC), die Etablierung dosisreduzierter Konditionierungsregime, Fortschritte bei den supportiven Therapien und neue Erkenntnisse zu Gewebekompatibilität ließen sich die Ergebnisse der allogenen HSCT (Allo-HSCT) durch Senkung der rezidiv- und der behandlungsassoziierten Morbidität und Mortalität in den letzten Jahren entscheidend verbessern. Die vielleicht wichtigste Erkenntnis jedoch ist, dass die durch die immunkompetenten Zellen des Spenders vermittelte Alloreaktivität für die dauerhafte Eradikation residueller Tumorzellen der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung maßgeblich ist. Dieser auch als Graft-versus-Tumor(GvT)- oder Graft-versus-Leukaemia(GvL)-Effekt bezeichnete Mechanismus ist entscheidend für das Erreichen von Langzeitremissionen nach Allo-HSCT und eröffnet Möglichkeiten der therapeutischen Intervention mittels zellulärer Immuntherapie. Dank der hohen Spenderbereitschaft und der Etablierung nationaler und internationaler Register ist es nun möglich, für einen Großteil der Patienten mit einer Transplantationsindikation ein passendes „match“ zu finden. Die Beratung vor Allo-HSCT und die multidisziplinäre Nachsorge haben wesentlich zur Verbesserung der Ergebnisse und der Lebensqualität der Patienten beigetragen.

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) plays a central role in the treatment of various malignant and non-malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system. After its first description by E. Donnal Thomas in 1957, HSCT has dramatically evolved from an experimental treatment to a standard of care for many patients. The option of using peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), innovative concepts in conditioning, major achievements in supportive care, and novel insights into histocompatibility have resulted in substantial improvements in the overall outcome after allogenic HSCT (allo-HSCT) by reducing relapse- and non-relapse-related morbidity and mortality. One of the key findings, however, was the discovery that alloreactivity arising from the immunocompetent donor cells is pivotal for the eradication of residual malignant cells of the underlying disease. This mechanism, also termed graft-versus-tumor (GvT) or graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect, is highly relevant for achieving and maintaining long-term remissions and cure after allo-HSCT. Thanks to the many voluntary donors and the establishment of national and international registries, it is now possible to find a match for the vast majority of patients with a transplant indication. Counseling before allo-HSCT and multidisciplinary post-transplant care have led to major improvements in overall results and quality of life of the patients.

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Correspondence to Philipp G. Hemmati.

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P.G. Hemmati gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Hemmati, P.G. Allogene Stammzelltransplantation. best practice onkologie 13, 128–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11654-018-0078-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11654-018-0078-6

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