Abstract
On August 8th, 2017, an Ms 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, northern Sichuan Province, China. The Jiuzhaigou Valley World National Park was the most affected area due to the epicentre being located in the scenic area of the park. Understanding the distribution characteristics of landslides triggered by earthquakes to help protect the natural heritage sites in Jiuzhaigou Valley remains a scientific challenge. In this study, a relatively complete inventory of the coseismic landslides triggered by the earthquake was compiled through the interpretation of high-resolution images combined with a field investigation. The results indicate that coseismic landslides not only are concentrated in Rize Gulley, Danzu Gully and Zezhawa Gully in the study area but also occur in the front part of Shuzheng Gully along the road network (from the entrance of Jiuzhaigou Valley to Heye Village). The landslides predominantly occur on the east- and southeast-facing slopes in the study area, which is a result of the integrated action of the valley direction and fault movement direction. The back-slope effect and the slope structure caused the difference in coseismic landslide distribution within the three gullies (Danzu Gully, Rize Gully, and Zezhawa Gully) near the inferred fault. In addition, the topographic position index was used to analyse the impact of microlandforms on earthquake-triggered landslides by considering the effect of the slope angle. The study results reveal a higher concentration of landslides in the slope position class of the middle slope (30°-50°) in Jiuzhaigou Valley. These findings can provide scientific guidance for the protection of natural heritage sites and post-disaster reconstruction in Jiuzhaigou Valley.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bandara S, Ohtsuka S (2017) Spatial distribution of landslides induced by the 2004 Mid–Niigata prefecture earthquake, Japan. Landslides 14(6): 1877–1886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0819-6
Barlow J, Barisin I, Rosser N, et al. (2015) Seismicallyinducedmass movements and volumetric fluxes resulting from the 2010 Mw = 7.2 earthquake in the Sierra Cucapah, Mexico. Geomorphology 230: 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.11.012.
Barnard PL, Owen LA, Sharma MC, Finkel RC (2001) Natural and human–induced landsliding in the Garwhal Himalaya of northern India. Geomorphology 40: 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00035-6.
Bhattarai BC, Pradhan AMS (2011) A Case Study on Landslide Hazard Mapping in Changunarayan VDC, Nepal. World Landslide Forum. October 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31325-7_72
Bhakuni SS, Luirei K, Kothyari GC (2013) Neotectonic fault in the middle part of Lesser Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh: a study based on structural and morphotectonic analyses. Himalayan Geology 34(1): 57–64.
Bouchon M, Barker JS (1996) Seismic response of a hill: The example of Tarzana, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86(1): 66–72.
Chen XL, Ran HL, Yang WT (2012) Evaluation of factors controlling large earthquakeinduced landslides by the Wenchuan earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 12: 3645–3657. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3645-2012, 2012
Chen XL, Zhou Q, Liu CQ (2015) Distribution pattern of coseismic landslides triggered by the 2014 Ludian, Yunnan, China Mw6.1 earthquake: special controlling conditions of local topography. Landslides 12: 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0641-y
Chen XQ, Chen JG, Cui P, et al. (2018) Assessment of prospective hazards resulting from the 2017 earthquake at the world heritage site Jiuzhaigou Valley, Sichuan, China. Journal of Mountain Science. 15(4): 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4785-1
Chen X, Cui Y. (2017) The formation of the Wulipo landslide and the resulting debris flow in Dujiangyan City, China. Journal of Mountain Science 14(6): 1100–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4392-1
Cui P, Liu SQ, Tang BX, et al. (2005) Research and prevention of debris flow in national parks. Science Press, Bejing. (In Chinese)
Cui P, Han YS, Dang C, et al. (2011) Formation and Treatment of Landslide Dams Emplaced During the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Sichuan, China. Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams, Lecture Notes in Earth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04764-0_10
Cui P, Zhang JQ, Yang ZJ, et al. (2014) Activity and distribution of geohazards induced by the Lushan earthquake, April 20, 2013. Natural Hazards 73: 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1100-0
Cigna F, Harrison A, Tapete D, et al. (2016). Understanding geohazards in the UNESCO WHL site of the Derwent Valley Mills (UK) using geological and remote sensing data. International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment 96881V–2. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240768
Cigna F, Tapete D, Lee K et al. (2018). Geological hazards in the UNESCO World Heritage sites of the UK: From the global to the local scale perspective. Earth–Science Reviews 176: 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.016
Cui Y, Chan D, Nouri A (2017a). Coupling of solid deformation and pore pressure for undrained deformation–a discrete element method approach. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 41(18): 1943–1961. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2708
Cui Y, Chan D, Nouri A (2017b). Discontinuum modelling of solid deformation pore water diffusion coupling. International Journal of Geomechanics 17(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000903
Cui Y, Guo C, Zhou X (2017). Experimental study on the moving characteristics of fine grains in wide grading unconsolidated soil under heavy rainfall. Journal of Mountain Science 14(3): 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4303-x
Cui Y, Nouri A, Chan D, Rahmati E (2016). A new approach to the DEM simulation of sand production. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 147: 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.007
Cui Y, Choi CE, Liu H., Ng CWW (2018) Effects of particle size of monodispersed granular flows impacting a rigid barrier. Natural Hazards 91(3): 1179–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3185-3
Dai FC, Xu C, Yao X, et al. (2011) Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Journal of Asian Earth Science 40: 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.010
Dai LX, Xu Q, Fan XM, Chang M, et al. (2017) A preliminary study on spatial distribution patterns of landslides triggered by Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan on August 8th, 2017 and their susceptibility assessment. Journal of Engineering Geology 25: 1151–1164. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2017.04.030
Deng GP (2011) Study of tourism geosciences landscape formation and protection of Jiuzhaigou world natural heritage site. PhD thesis. Chengdu University of Technology. (In Chinese)
Dong JY, Yang GX, Wu FQ, et al. (2011) The large–scale shaking table test study of dynamic response and failure mode of bedding rock slope under earthquake. Rock and Soil Mechanics 32(10): 2977–2988. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2011.10.012
Delmonaco G, Brini M, Cesaro G (2017) Advanced monitoring Systems for Landslide Risk Reduction in THE'SIQ' of PETRA (jordan). 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017 XLII–2/W5: 163–169. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-163-2017.
Du W, Huang D, Wang G (2018a) Quantification of model uncertainty and variability in Newmark displacement analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 109: 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.02.037
Du W, Wang G, Huang D (2018b) Evaluation of seismic slope displacements based on fully coupled sliding mass analysis and NGA–West2 database. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 144(8): 06018006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001923
Ge WB, Li QY, Luo YN, et al. (2009) Comprehensive study on sustainable development of landscape water system and ecological geology environment in the core scenic spot of Jiuzhaigou and Huanglong. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Press, Chengdu. (In Chinese)
Fan X, Scaringi G, Xu Q, et al. (2018) Coseismic landslides triggered by the 8th August 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (Sichuan, China): factors controlling their spatial distribution and implications for the seismogenic blind fault identification. Landslides 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0960-x
Guo CW, Huang YD, Yao LK, et al. (2017) Size and spatial distribution of landslides induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in the Bhote Koshi river watershed. Journal of Mountain Science 14(10): 1938–1950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4140-y
Gorum T, van Westen CJ, Korup O, et al. (2013) Complex rupture mechanism and topography control symmetry of mass–wasting pattern, 2010 Haiti earthquake. Geomorphology 184: 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.027
Gorum T, Carranza EJM (2015) Control of style–of–faulting on spatial pattern of earthquake–triggered landslides. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 12: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0752-y
Guzzetti F, Malamud BD, Turcotte DL, et al. (2002) Power–law correlations of landslide areas in central Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 195(3):169–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00589-1
Harp EL, Keefer DK, Sato HP, Yagi H (2011) Landslide inventories: The essential part of seismic landslide hazard analyses. Engineering Geology 122 (1–2): 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.06.013
Huang RQ, Li WL (2008) Fault effect analysis of geo–hazards triggered by Wechuan Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Engineering Geology 17(1): 19–28 (In Chinese)
Huang RQ, Li WL (2009b) Analysis of the geo–hazards triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 68(3): 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0207-0
Jibson RW, Harp EL, Schulz W, et al. (2004) Landslides triggered by the 2002 M–7.9 Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake and the inferred nature of the strong shaking. Earthquake Spectra 20: 669–691. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1778173
Kargel JS, Leonard GJ, Shugar DH, et al. (2016) Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Science 351(6269). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8353.
Keefer DK (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95(4): 406–421. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606
Keefer DK (2002) Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes—A historical review. Survey in Geophysics 23(6): 473–510. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021274710840
Khazai B, Sitar N (2003) Evaluation of factors controlling earthquake–induced landslides caused by Chi–Chi earthquake and comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events. Engineering Geology 71: 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00127-3
Lee ST, Yu TT, Peng WF, et al. (2010) Incorporating the effects of topographic amplification in the analysis of earthquakeinduced landslide hazards using logistic regression. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10: 2475–2488. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2475-2010
Lei H, Wang XL, Hou H, et al. (2017) The earthquake in Jiuzhaigou County of Northern Sichuan, China on August 8, 2017. Natural Hazards 90(2): 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3064-3
Li YS, Huang C, Yi SJ, et al. (2017) Study on seismic fault and source rupture tectonic dynamic mechanism of Jiuzahaigou Ms 7.0 Earthquake. Journal of Engineering Geology 25(4): 1141–1150. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2017.04.029
Li G (2012) Failure machanism of stratiform rock slope under strong earthquake. Doctor. Chengdu University of Technology. (In Chinese)
Lollino, G, Audisio C (2006) UNESCO World Heritage sites in Italy affected by geological problems, specifically landslide and flood hazard. Landslides 3(4): 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0059-7
Malamud BM, Turcotte DL, Guzzetti F, et al. (2004) Landslide inventory and their statistical properties. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 687–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1064
Martha TR, Roy P, Mazumdar R, et al. (2016) Spatial characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2015 Mw 7.8 (Gorkha) and Mw 7.3 (Dolakha) earthquakes in Nepal. Landslides 14(2): 697–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0763-x
Meunier P, Hovius N, Haines JA (2007) Regional patterns of earthquake–triggered landslides and their relation to ground motion. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L20408. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031337
Meunier P, Hovius N, Haines JA (2008) Topographic site effects and the location of earthquake induced landslides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 275(3): 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.020
Owen L, Kamp U, Khattak GA, et al. (2008) Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Geomorphology 94: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.007
Pradhan B, Lee S (2010) Delineation of landslide hazard areas on Penang Island, Malaysia, by using frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network models. Environmental Earth Sciences 60: 1037–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0245-8.
Qi SW, Xu Q, Lan HX, et al. (2010) Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake, China. Engineering Geology 116: 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.07.011
Ren JJ, Xu XW, Zhang SM, et al. (2017) Tectonic transformation at the eastern termination of the Eastern Kunlun fault zone and seismogenic mechanism of the 8 August 2017 Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake. Chinese JournalGeophysics 60(10): 4027–4045. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20171029
Pischiutta M, Cultrera G, Caserta A, et al. (2010) Topographic effects on the hill of Nocera Umbra, central Italy. Geophysical Journal International 182(2): 977–987. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04654.x
Poursartip B, Fathi A, Kallivokas LF (2017) Seismic wave amplification by topographic features: A parametric study. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 92: 503–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.10.031
Roback K, Clark MK, West AJ, et al. (2018) The size, distribution, and mobility of landslides caused by the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal. Geomorphology 301: 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.030
Shi XS, Yin J (2017) Consolidation behavior for saturated sand–marine clay mixtures considering the intergranular structure evolution. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 144(2): 04017166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001391
Shi XS, Herle I, Muir Wood D (2018). A consolidation model for lumpy composite soils in open–pit mining. Géotechnique: 68(3): 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.054
Tang CA, Zuo YJ, Qin SF, et al. (2009) Spalling and slinging i pattern of shallow slope and dynamics explanation in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Rock Mechanics and Engineering,China. pp 258–262.
Tian Y, Xu C, Chen J, et al. (2016) Spatial distribution and susceptibility analyses of pre–earthquake and coseismic landslides related to the Ms 6.5 earthquake of 2014 in Ludian, Yunan, China. Geocarto International 32(9): 978–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1232316
Tsou CY, Chigira M, Higaki D, et al. (2017) Topographic and geologic controls on landslides induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and its aftershocks: an example from the Trishuli Valley, central Nepal. Landslides 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0913-9.
Wang WN, Wu HL, Nakamura H, et al. (2003) Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity: the 1999 Chi–chi earthquake in central Taiwan. Island Arc 12: 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1738.2003.00400.x
Wang Q (2010) Research on deformation characteristic and failure mechanism of bedding rock slope under earthquake. PhD thesis. Jilin University. (In Chinese)
Weiss AD (2001) Topographic position and landforms analysis. https://doi.org/www.jennessent.com/downloads/tpi–postertnc_18x22.pdf.
Wobus CW, Hodges KV, Whipple KX (2003) Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front? Geology 31:861–864. https://doi.org/10.1130/G19730.1
Wu CH, Cui P, Li YS, et al (2018) Seismogenic fault and topography control on the spatial patterns of landslides triggered by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Journal of Mountain Science 15(4): 793–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4761-9.
Xu C, Xu XW, Dai FC, et al. (2012) Comparison of different models for susceptibility mapping of earthquake triggered landslides related with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Computers & Geosciences 46: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.002
Xu C, Xu XW, Yu GH (2013) Landslides triggered by slippingfault–generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake. Landslides 10: 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0340-x
Xu C, Xu X, Yao X, Dai F (2014a) Three (nearly) complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis. Landslides 11(3): 441–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0404-6
Xu C, Xu X, Shyu JBH, et al. (2014b) Landslides triggered by the 22 July 2013 Minxian–Zhangxian, China, Mw 5.9 earthquake: inventory compiling and spatial distribution analysis. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 92: 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.06.014
Xu C, Xu X, Shyu JBH (2015) Database and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Lushan, China Mw 6.6 earthquake of 20 April 2013. Geomorphology 248: 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.002
Xu C, Ma S, Tan Z, et al. (2017) Landslides triggered by the 2016 Mj 7.3 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Landslides 15(3): 551–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0929-1
Xu Q, Li W (2010) Study on the Direction Effects of Landslides Triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake. Journal of Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition) 42(1): 7–14 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.2010.s1.007
Xu Q, Zhang S, Li W (2011) Spatial distribution of large–scale landslides induced by the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Mountain Science 8(2): 246–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2105-8.
Yi GX, Long F, Liang MJ, et al. (2017) Focal Mechanism solutions and seismogenic structure of the 8 August 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake and its aftershocks, northern Sichuan. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 60(10): 4083–4097. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20171033.
Zhang X, Feng WP, Xu LS, et al. (2017) The source–process inversion and the intensity estimation of the 2017 MS7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 60(10): 4105–4116. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20171035
Zhou JW, Lu PY, Hao MH (2015) Landslides triggered by the 3 August 2014 Ludian earthquake in China: geological properties, geomorphologic characteristics and spatial distribution analysis. Geomatics Natural Hazards & Risk 7: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1075162.
Acknowledgements
This study has been financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41520104002), Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (Grant No. QYZDY-SSWDQC006) and International partnership program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 131551KYSB20160002). The authors are also grateful for financial support from the Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering (SKHL1609). Deep appreciation goes to Dr. Susmita and Dr. WU Sheng-nan for language proofreading of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J., Jin, W., Cui, Yf. et al. Earthquake-triggered landslides affecting a UNESCO Natural Site: the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake in the World National Park, China. J. Mt. Sci. 15, 1412–1428 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4823-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4823-7