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Simulation of electrochemical-thermal behavior for a 26650 lithium iron phosphate/graphite cell

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Abstract

A P2D electrochemical model coupled with a 2D thermal model is built and validated for a commercial type 2.3 Ah ANR26650 cell including the cathode, anode, separator, and current collectors. The spatial and temporal distribution of Li+ concentration on the electrode surface, the flux of Li+ out of the porous active particles or the local current density, the reversible/irreversible reaction heat generation rate, and the temperature distribution inside the battery are analyzed at various discharge rates. The critical thickness of the cathode is systematically studied with the correlated particle size and porosity. It is indicated that the critical thickness of the cathode increases with the particle size and porosity. In order to achieve the optimum electrochemical performance, the critical thickness of the ANR26650 battery can be estimated as 55 μm in the original model. The results indicate that the ionic ohmic heat dominates the ohmic heat generation in porous electrodes. The higher the C-rate is, the more significant role the irreversible heat plays in the generation heat. A battery thermal management system (BTMS) with water cooling plate can lower the module temperature effectively even when it is discharged at a very high C-rate.

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Abbreviations

A cell [m2]:

surface area of electrode (both sides)

ai [m−1]:

specific area of the electrode particle

C [J kg−1 K−1]:

specific heat capacity

c s [mol m−3]:

concentration of lithium ions in solid

c l [mol m−3]:

concentration of lithium ions in electrolyte

C p [Ah]:

capacity of battery

D l [m2 s−1]:

diffusion coefficient of salt in electrolyte

D s [m2 s−1]:

diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in solid electrode particles

E a,D [J mol−1]:

diffusion active energy

E a,k [J mol−1]:

reaction active energy

F:

Faraday’s constant

h [W m−2 K−1]:

heat transfer coefficient

iapp [A m−2]:

applied current density

J Li [mol m−2 s−1]:

pore wall flux of lithium-ions out of the porous electrode

k 0 [m2.5 mol-0.5 s−1]:

electrochemical reaction rate constant

kT [W m−1 K−1]:

thermal conductivity

L [m]:

thickness of battery component

Q [W m−3]:

heat generation rate

R :

gas constant

R s [m]:

electrode partical radius

T [K]:

temperature

Tinit [K]:

initial temperature of battery

\( {t}_{+}^0 \) :

transference number of lithium-ions

U [V]:

open circuit voltage

v :

the thermodynamic factor relating to electrolyte activity

ɑ a :

anodic transfer coefficient

ɑ c :

cathodic transfer coefficient

ϕ s :

[V] potential in the solid phase

ϕ l :

[V] potential in the electrolyte

ε s :

volume fraction of active materials

ε l :

volume fraction of electrolyte

σ i [S m−1]:

electronic conductivity of solid matrix

κ l [S m−1]:

ionic conductivity of electrolyte

ρ [kg m−3]:

effective density

neg:

anode

pos:

cathode

sep:

separator

ncc:

current collector of anode

pcc:

current collector of cathode

batt:

whole battery

l:

electrolyte

s:

solid

ini:

initial value

max:

maximum value

surf:

variables on the surface of electrode particles

amb:

ambient

ref.:

reference value

rev:

reversible

pol:

polarized

ohm:

ohmic

irr:

irreversible

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 21573109, 21206069) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Xinwei Bei, Qiaoyun Liu, Jianwei Cong, Xiaomin Liu & Hui Yang

  2. School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Jiuhong Yu

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  1. Xinwei Bei
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  4. Xiaomin Liu
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Correspondence to Jiuhong Yu.

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Bei, X., Liu, Q., Cong, J. et al. Simulation of electrochemical-thermal behavior for a 26650 lithium iron phosphate/graphite cell. Ionics 25, 3715–3726 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02906-9

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