Abstract
Along with the development of powerful processing platforms, heterogeneous architectures are nowadays permitting new design space explorations. In this paper, we propose a novel heterogeneous architecture for reliable pedestrian detection applications. It deploys an efficient Histogram of Oriented Gradient pipeline tightly coupled with a neuro-inspired spatio-temporal filter. By relying on hardware–software co-design principles, our architecture is capable of processing video sequences from real-word dynamic environments in real time. The paper presents the implemented algorithm and details the proposed architecture for executing it, exposing in particular the partitioning decisions made to meet the required performance. A prototype implementation is described and the results obtained are discussed with respect to other state-of-the-art solutions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bauer, S., Köhler, S., Doll, K., Brunsmann, U.: FPGA-GPU architecture for kernel SVM pedestrian detection. In: 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), IEEE, pp 61–68 (2010)
Benenson, R., Mathias, M., Timofte, R., Van Gool, L.: Pedestrian detection at 100 frames per second. In: 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, pp 2903–2910 (2012)
Benenson, R., Omran, M., Hosang, J., Schiele, B.: Ten years of pedestrian detection, what have we learned? In: Computer Vision-ECCV 2014 Workshops, Springer, pp 613–627 (2014)
Blair, C., Robertson, N.M., Hume, D.: Characterizing a heterogeneous system for person detection in video using histograms of oriented gradients: Power versus speed versus accuracy. IEEE J. Emerg. Select. Topics Circuits Syst. 3(2), 236–247 (2013)
Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition vol 1, pp 886–893 (2005)
Dollar, P., Wojek, C., Schiele, B., Perona, P.: Pedestrian detection: an evaluation of the state of the art. IEEE Trans. Pat. Anal. Mach. Intel. 34(4), 743–761 (2012)
Enzweiler, M., Gavrila, D.M.: Monocular pedestrian detection: survey and experiments. IEEE Trans. Pat. Anal. Mach. Intel. 31(12), 2179–2195 (2009)
Everingham, M., Van Gool, L., Williams, C.K., Winn, J., Zisserman, A.: The pascal visual object classes (voc) challenge. Int. J. Comp. Vision 88(2), 303–338 (2010)
Gandhi, T., Trivedi, M.: (2007) Pedestrian protection systems: Issues, survey, and challenges. IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst. 413–430
Gavrila, D.M., Munder, S.: Multi-cue pedestrian detection and tracking from a moving vehicle. Int. J. Comp. Vision 73(1), 41–59 (2007)
Hahnle, M., Saxen, F., Hisung, M., Brunsmann, U., Doll, K.: (2013) FPGA-based real-time pedestrian detection on high-resolution images. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp 629–635
Happe, M., Lübbers, E., Platzner, M.: A self-adaptive heterogeneous multi-core architecture for embedded real-time video object tracking. J. Real-Time Image Process. 8(1), 95–110 (2013)
Hartmann, C., Yupatova, A., Reichenbach, M., Fey, D., German, R.: A holistic approach for modeling and synthesis of image processing applications for heterogeneous computing architectures (2015)
Hong, G.S., Kim, B.G., Hwang, Y.S., Kwon, K.K.: Fast multi-feature pedestrian detection algorithm based on histogram of oriented gradient using discrete wavelet transform. Multim. Tools Appl. (2015)
Hua, C., Makihara, Y., Yagi, Y., Iwasaki, S., Miyagawa, K., Li, B.: Onboard monocular pedestrian detection by combining spatio-temporal HOG with structure from motion algorithm. Mach. Vision Appl. 26(2–3), 161–183 (2015)
Hussein, M., Porikli, F., Davis, L.: A comprehensive evaluation framework and a comparative study for human detectors. IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst. 10(3), 417–427 (2009)
Inggs, G., Thomas, D.B., Luk, W.: An efficient, automatic approach to high performance heterogeneous computing. arXiv preprint arXiv:150504417 (2015)
Joachims, T.: Svmlight: support vector machine. http://svmlight.joachims.org/ (1999)
Kadota, R., Sugano, H., Hiromoto, M., Ochi, H., Miyamoto, R., Nakamura, Y.: Hardware architecture for hog feature extraction. In: Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 2009. IIH-MSP ’09, pp 1330–1333 (2009)
Kim, S.H., Kim, J.S., Wan, V., Suh, I.H.: Automotive adas camera system configuration using multi-core microcontroller. Tech. rep, SAE Technical Paper (2015)
Klaser, A., Marszałek, M., Schmid, C.: A spatio-temporal descriptor based on 3d-gradients. In: BMVC 2008-19th British Machine Vision Conference, British Machine Vision Association, pp 275–281 (2008)
Liu, W., Yu, B., Duan, C., Chai, L., Yuan, H., Zhao, H.: A pedestrian-detection method based on heterogeneous features and ensemble of multi-view-pose parts. IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst. 16(2), 813–824 (2015)
Ma, X., Najjar, W., Roy-Chowdhury, A.: Evaluation and acceleration of high-throughput fixed-point object detection on FPGAs. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 25(6), 1051–1062 (2015)
Machida, T., Naito, T.: GPU and CPU cooperative accelerated pedestrian and vehicle detection. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), IEEE, pp 506–513 (2011)
Maggiani, L., Salvadori, C., Petracca, M., Pagano, P., Saletti, R.: Reconfigurable architecture for computing histograms in real-time tailored to FPGA-based smart camera. In: 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), IEEE, pp 1042–1046 (2014)
Maggiani, L., Bourrasset, C., Berry, F., Sérot, J., Petracca, M., Salvadori, C.: Extraction core for FPGA-based smart cameras. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Distributed Smart Camera, ACM, pp 128–133 (2015)
Maggiani, L., Bourrasset, C., Petracca, M., Berry, F., Pagano, P., Salvadori, C.: HOG-Dot: a parallel kernel-based gradient extraction for embedded image processing. IEEE Signal Process Lett. 22(11), 2132–2136 (2015)
Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., Harwood, D.: A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Patt. Recogn. 29(1), 51–59 (1996)
Quinton, J.C., Girau, B.: Predictive neural fields for improved tracking and attentional properties. In: The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), IEEE, pp 1629–1636 (2011)
Reiche, O., Haublein, K., Reichenbach, M., Hannig, F., Teich, J., Fey, D.: Automatic optimization of hardware accelerators for image processing. In: DATE Workshop on Heterogeneous Architectures and Design Methods for Embedded Image Systems, HIS 2015 (2015)
Tanabe, J., Toru, S., Yamada, Y., Watanabe, T., Okumura, M., Nishiyama, M., Nomura, T., Oma, K., Sato, N., Banno, M. et al.: 18.2 a 1.9 tops and 564gops/w heterogeneous multicore soc with color-based object classification accelerator for image-recognition applications. In: 2015 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference-(ISSCC), IEEE, pp 1–3 (2015)
Vangel, B.C.D., Torres-Huitzil, C., Girau, B.: Randomly spiking dynamic neural fields. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comp. Syst. (JETC) 11(4), 37 (2015)
Vapnik, V.: Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data: Springer Series in Statistics (Springer Series in Statistics). Springer-Verlag New York Inc, Secaucus (1982)
World Health Organization (2013) Road traffic injuries. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs358/en/
Wu, S., Laganière, R., Payeur, P.: Improving pedestrian detection with selective gradient self-similarity feature. Pat. Recogn. 48(8), 2364–2376 (2015)
Yadav, R., Senthamilarasu, V., Kutty, K., Vaidya, V., Ugale, S.: A review on day-time pedestrian detection. Tech. rep, SAE Technical Paper (2015)
Yao, S., Pan, S., Wang, T., Zheng, C., Shen, W., Chong, Y.: A new pedestrian detection method based on combined HOG and LSS features. Neurocomputing 151, 1006–1014 (2015)
Zhang, J., Huang, K., Yu, Y., Tan, T.: (2011) Boosted local structured hog-lbp for object localization. In: 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, pp 1393–1400
Acknowledgments
This work has been sponsored by the French government research programme “Investissements d’avenir” through the IMobS3 Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-16-01), by the European Union through the program Regional competitiveness and employment 2007-2013 (ERDF Auvergne region), and by the Auvergne region.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maggiani, L., Bourrasset, C., Quinton, JC. et al. Bio-inspired heterogeneous architecture for real-time pedestrian detection applications. J Real-Time Image Proc 14, 535–548 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-016-0581-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-016-0581-3