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Carrot Pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotype C Detected in Symptomless Potato Plants in Finland

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Abstract

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) haplotype C, a bacterial pathogen transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis, causes yield losses in carrot production. Due to concerns that this pathogen might also threaten potato (Solanum tuberosum) production, the occurrence of CLso in cultivated and volunteer potatoes in Tavastia Proper and Satakunta regions of Finland was studied. Volunteer potato plants were found in 13 of the 27 inspected carrot fields. Of the 148 potato samples tested by PCR, eight volunteer potato plants and one cultivated potato grown at the edge of a carrot field were found to be CLso positive. The PCR products obtained from these potatoes with primers OA2/OI2c, LpFrag4-1611F/LpFrag4-480R and CL514F/CL514R all showed 100% sequence identity to CLso haplotype C. This is the first observation of CLso haplotype C in field-grown potatoes. In addition, transmission experiments were performed. Attempts to transmit CLso into potato with carrot psyllids were not successful; however, CLso haplotype C was transmitted from infected carrots to potato plants by leaf grafting and by phloem connection formed by dodder, a parasitic plant, and found to survive in the potato plants for several weeks after transmission. However, the bacterial colonisation progressed slowly in the potato phloem and the amount of bacteria detected was low. The plants produced from the daughter tubers of the CLso-positive potato plants were all CLso negative, suggesting that CLso haplotype C was not able to pass to the daughter plants. None of the CLso-positive potatoes inoculated in greenhouse or collected from fields showed symptoms characteristic of zebra chip disease, associated with CLso haplotypes A and B.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Senja Räsänen, Senja Tuominen, Outi Järvinen, Jaana Grahn, Aila Sirén, Marjo Segerstedt, Panpan Jiang and Lanman Dong for their technical assistance and Anneli Virta for DNA sequencing, Dr. Joseph Munyaneza (USDA) for providing the CLso-positive potato control samples and Dr. Anne Lemmetty (Luke) for providing the Cuscuta seeds and giving advice on dodder transmission.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland (projects 2052/312/2011, 1842/312/2013 and 1506/03.01.02/2016), the Marjatta & Eino Kolli Foundation that gave a research grant to M. Haapalainen, and the Centre for International Mobility that gave a personal grant to Jinhui Wang. This research project was included in the Euphresco phytosanitary ERA-NET project PHYLIB, dealing with the epidemiology and diagnosis of phytoplasmas and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Europe.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Minna Haapalainen, Jinhui Wang, Asko Hannukkala & Minna Pirhonen

  2. Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie, FI-31600, Jokioinen, Finland

    Satu Latvala, Marika Rastas, Asko Hannukkala & Anne I. Nissinen

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  1. Minna Haapalainen
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  2. Satu Latvala
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Correspondence to Minna Haapalainen.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Table S1.

Occurrence of psyllid feeding-associated leaf curling symptom, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) and the associated leaf discolouration symptom in the inspected carrot fields. (DOCX 23.4 kb).

Table S2.

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) test results and number of viable tubers of the potato plants inoculated in greenhouse by grafting with leaves from CLso-infected carrot plants (test) and healthy carrot plants (control). (DOCX 13.4 kb).

Table S3.

Number and viability of the tubers and health of the daughter plants of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) positive volunteer potato plants found in carrot fields in 2012. The tubers were stored over winter at +7 °C before sprouting. (DOCX 14.7 kb).

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Haapalainen, M., Latvala, S., Rastas, M. et al. Carrot Pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotype C Detected in Symptomless Potato Plants in Finland. Potato Res. 61, 31–50 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-017-9350-3

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