Abstract
Although a substantial amount of literature has focused on correlates of happiness, a growing body of research has begun to look at how happiness affects certain life outcomes. Among these are the relationships we have with individuals and with the community itself. The aim of this study was to further this understanding by examining the association between happiness and sense of community (SOC). Data were collected from the monthly Florida Consumer Attitude Survey from 502 adult residents within a neighborhood setting. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to measure the effect of happiness on SOC above and beyond the influence of demographics, neighborhood characteristics, and reported health. Results indicated that age, income, number of years lived in the neighborhood, reported health, and happiness all significantly contributed to SOC, suggesting that happy people may be more connected to their neighborhoods. This relationship has implications for future research as SOC has been shown to be a catalyst for both individual social participation and neighboring as well as community level efficacy and social capital.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., & Norton, M. I. (2012). Happiness runs in a circular motion: evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(2), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9267-5.
Allen, J. B. (2017). The psychology of happiness in the modern world: A social psychological approach. Springer Publishing Company. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=rcypDgAAQBAJ
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2001). Instrumental variables and the search for identification: from supply and demand to natural experiments. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.69.
Baba, Y., & Austin, D. M. (1989). Neighborhood environmental satisfaction, victimization, and social-participation as determinants of perceived neighborhood safety. Environment and Behavior, 21(6), 763–780.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.
Block, P. (2008). Community: The structure of belonging. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Blum, T. C., & Kingston, P. W. (1984). Homeownership and social attachment. Sociological Perspectives, 27(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389016.
Brereton, F., Clinch, J. P., & Ferreira, S. (2008). Happiness, geography and the environment. Ecological Economics, 65(2), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.008.
Brodsky, A. E., O'Campo, P. J., & Aronson, R. E. (1999). PSOC in community context: multi-level correlates of a measure of psychological sense of community in low-income, urban neighborhoods. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 659–679. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:63.0.CO;2-#.
Brown, S. K., & Burdsal, C. A. (2012). An exploration of sense of community and student success using the national survey of student engagement. The Journal of General Education, 61(4), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.5325/jgeneeduc.61.4.0433.
Carlson, M., Charlin, V., & Miller, N. (1988). Positive mood and helping behavior: a test of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(2), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.211.
Chavis, D. M., & Wandersman, A. (1990). Sense of community in the urban environment: a catalyst for participation and community development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922689.
Clore, G. L., Wyer, R. S., Dienes, B., Gasper, K., & Isbell, L. M. (2001). Affective feelings as feedback: Some cognitive consequences. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition: A user's guidebook (pp. 27–62). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Cloutier, S., & Pfeiffer, D. (2015). Sustainability through happiness: a framework for sustainable development: sustaining communities through happiness. Sustainable Development, 23(5), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1593.
Cohn, D., & Morin, R. (2008). American mobility: Who moves? who stays put? where's home?. social and demographic trends report. (No. R8596–20). Washington: Pew Research Center.
Cunningham, M. R. (1988a). Does happiness mean friendliness? Induced mood and heterosexual self-disclosure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 283–297.
Cunningham, M. R. (1988b). What do you do when you're happy or blue? Mood, expectancies, and behavioral interest. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 309–330.
Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1991). The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being: A first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 19(3), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199107)19:33.0.CO;2-L.
DeNeve, J. E., Diener, E., Tay, L., & Xuereb, C. (2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), (2nd ed., pp. 54–79). New York: UN Sustainable Network Development Solutions Network.
Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being. In E. Diener (Ed.), The science of well-being (social indicators research series, vol 37 ed., pp. 11–58). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2.
Diener, E. (2012). New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. American Psychologist, 67(8), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029541.
Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 663–666.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57(2), 119–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014411319119.
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x.
Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2005). The nonobvious social psychology of happiness. Psychological Inquiry, 16(4), 162–167.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not intensity, of positive versus negative affect. In F. Strack, M. Argyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective (1st ed., p. 119). New York; Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y.
Dietz, R. D., & Haurin, D. R. (2003). The social and private micro-level consequences of homeownership. Journal of Urban Economics, 54(3), 401–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00080-9.
DiPasquale, D., & Glaeser, E. L. (1999). Incentives and social capital: are homeowners better citizens? Journal of Urban Economics, 45(2), 354–384. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1998.2098.
Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., & Speck, J. (2010). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream (10th anniversary ed.). New York: North Point Press.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: reliability, validity, and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 662–676. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.662.
Ellery, J., Ellery, P., MacKenzie, A., & Friesen, C. (2017). Placemaking: an engaged approach to community well-being. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 109(2), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS109.2.7.
Farrell, S. J., Aubry, T., & Coulombe, D. (2004). Neighborhoods and neighbors: do they contribute to personal well-being? Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10082.
Feldman, F. (2010). What is this thing called happiness? Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Felton, B. J., & Shinn, M. (1992). Social integration and social support: moving “social support” beyond the individual level. Journal of Community Psychology, 20(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199204)20:23.0.CO;2-4.
French, S., Wood, L., Foster, S. A., Giles-Corti, B., Frank, L. D., & Learnihan, V. (2014). Sense of community and its association with the neighborhood built environment. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512469098.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402–435. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205102320161320.
Hagerty, M. R. (2000). Social comparisons of income in one's community: evidence from national surveys of income and happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 764–771. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.764.
Harlow, R. E., & Cantor, N. (1996). Still participating after all these years: a study of life task participation in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1235–1249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1235.
Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827.
Haybron, D. M. (2008). The pursuit of unhappiness: The elusive psychology of well-being. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Hill, J. L. (1996). Psychological sense of community: suggestions for future research. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199610)24:43.0.CO;2-T.
Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & López-Espigares, T. (2014). Sense of community: dimensions predicting residential quality of life in neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status. Psychosocial Intervention, 23(3), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psi.2014.08.001.
Hughey, J., Speer, P. W., & Peterson, N. A. (1999). Sense of community in community organizations: structure and evidence of validity. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199901)27:13.0.CO;2-K.
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7.
Hustedde, R. J. (2008). Seven theories for seven community developers. In R. Phillips & H. Pittman (Eds.), An introduction to community development (pp. 20–37). New York: Routledge.
Hystad, P., & Carpiano, R. M. (2012). Sense of community-belonging and health-behaviour change in Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), 66(3), 277–283.
Itzhaky, H., & York, A. S. (2000). Sociopolitical control and empowerment: an extended replication. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(4), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(200007)28:43.0.CO;2-R.
Jayakody, R. (1993). Neighborhoods and neighbor relations. In L. M. Jackson & R. J. Taylor (Eds.), Aging in black America (pp. 21–37). CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Kahneman, D., Schwarz, N., & Diener, E. (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kamakura, W. A. (2015). Measure twice and cut once: the carpenter's rule still applies. Marketing Letters, 26(3), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9298-x.
Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home: psychological benefits. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 507–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973115.
Kimmich, M. H., & Gutowski, M. F. (1983). Toward spatial homogeneity of the elderly population. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 1(1), 15–28.
Kingston, S., Mitchell, R., Florin, P., & Stevenson, J. (1999). Sense of community in neighborhoods as a multi-level construct. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:63.0.CO;2-W.
Kitchen, P., Williams, A., & Chowhan, J. (2012). Sense of community belonging and health in Canada: a regional analysis. Social Indicators Research, 107(1), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9830-9.
Krueger, A. B., & Schkade, D. A. (2008). The reliability of subjective well-being measures. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.12.015.
Leung, A., Kier, C., Fung, T., Fung, L., & Sproule, R. (2011). Searching for happiness: the importance of social capital. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(3), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9208-8.
Leyden, K. M., Goldberg, A., & Michelbach, P. (2011). Understanding the pursuit of happiness in ten major cities. Urban Affairs Review, 47(6), 861–888. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087411403120.
Lin, F., & Huang, H. (2013). Why people share knowledge in virtual communities? Internet Research, 23(2), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241311313295.
Long, D. A., & Perkins, D. D. (2007). Community social and place predictors of sense of community: a multilevel and longitudinal analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(5), 563–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20165.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others?: the role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.239.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005a). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005b). Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111.
Magee, L., Scerri, A., & James, P. (2012). Measuring social sustainability: a community-centered approach. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 7(3), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-012-9166-x.
Manturuk, K., Lindblad, M., & Quercia, R. (2010). Friends and neighbors: homeownership and social capital among low- to moderate-income families. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32(4), 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2010.00494.x.
Mastekaasa, A. (1994). Marital status, distress, and well-being: an international comparison. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 25(2), 183–205.
McMillan, D. W. (1976). Sense of community: An attempt at definition. Unpublished manuscript.
McMillan, D. W. (2011). Sense of community, a theory not a value: a response to Nowell and Boyd. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(5), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20439.
McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: a definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:13.0.CO;2-I.
Moen, P., Dempster-McClain, D., & Williams, R. M. J. (1992). Successful aging: a life-course perspective on women's multiple roles and health. The American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1612–1638.
Mohanty, L., & Raut, L. (2009). Home ownership and school outcomes of children: evidence from the PSID child development supplement. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 68(2), 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00635.x.
Nasar, J. (2015). Creating places that promote physical activity: Perceiving is believing. San Diego: Active Living Research.
Ng, E. C. W., & Fisher, A. T. (2016). Protestant spirituality and well-being of people in Hong Kong: the mediating role of sense of community. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1253–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9435-6.
Obst, P., Smith, S. G., & Zinkiewicz, L. (2002). An exploration of sense of community, part 3: dimensions and predictors of psychological sense of community in geographical communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(1), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1054.
Oh, J. (2004). Race/ethnicity, homeownership, and neighborhood attachment. Race and Society, 7(2), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.racsoc.2005.05.002.
Oishi, S., Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2007). The optimum level of well-being: can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00048.x.
Pendola, R., & Gen, S. (2008). Does "main street" promote sense of community? A comparison of San Francisco neighborhoods. Environment and Behavior, 40(4), 545–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507301399.
Perkins, D. D., & Long, D. A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In A. Fisher, C. Sonn, & B. Bishop (Eds.), Psychological sense of community: Research, applications, and implications (pp. 291–318). New York: Plenum.
Perkins, D. D., Florin, P., Rich, R. C., Wandersman, A., & Chavis, D. M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: crime and community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 83–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922690.
Perkins, D. D., Hughey, J., & Speer, P. W. (2002). Community psychology perspectives on social capital theory and community development practice. Community Development, 33(1), 33–52.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Sweeney, P. J. (2008). Group well-being: morale from a positive psychology perspective. Applied Psychology an International Review, 57(s1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00352.x.
Pretty, G. M. H. (1990). Relating psychological sense of community to social climate characteristics. Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199001)18:13.0.CO;2-J.
Pretty, G. M. H., & Conroy. (1996). Sense of community and its relevance to adolescents of all ages. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 365–379.
Prezza, M., Amici, M., Roberti, T., & Tedeschi, G. (2001a). Sense of community referred to the whole town: its relations with neighboring, loneliness, life satisfaction, and area of residence. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(200101)29:13.0.CO;2-C.
Prezza, M., Pilloni, S., Morabito, C., Sersante, C., Alparone, F. R., & Giuliani, M. V. (2001b). The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 435–450.
Raibley, J. R. (2012). Happiness is not well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(6), 1105–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9309-z.
Rantakokko, M., Mänty, M., & Rantanen, T. (2013). Mobility decline in old age. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(1), 19–25.
Rohe, W. M., & Stewart, L. S. (1996). Homeownership and neighborhood stability. Housing Policy Debate, 7(1), 37–81.
Ross, N. (2002). Community belonging and health. Health Reports, 13(3), 33–39.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
Ryff, C., & Singer, B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0.
Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918.
Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Saunders, P. (1990). A nation of home owners. London: Unwin Hyman.
Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being (1st Free Press hardcover ed.). New York: Free Press.
Seligman, M. E., & Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved April, 5, 2017, Retrieved from https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/newsletters/authentichappiness/happiness
Serino, C., Morciano, D., Scardigno, F., & Manuti, A. (2012). How communities can react to crisis: Social capital as a source of empowerment and well-being. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 3(3), 1–14.
Shaw, B. A., Krause, N., Liang, J., & Bennett, J. (2007). Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(2), S90.
Shields, M. (2008). Community belonging and self-perceived health. Health Reports, 19(2), 51–60.
Siu, K. W. M., & Xiao, J. X. (2016). Quality of life and recycling behaviour in high-rise buildings: a case in Hong Kong. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1137–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9426-7.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138.
Steinkamp, M. W., & Kelly, J. R. (1987). Social integration, leisure activity, and life satisfaction in older adults: activity theory revisited. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 25(4), 293–307.
Talen, E. (1999). Sense of community and neighbourhood form: an assessment of the social doctrine of new urbanism. Urban Studies, 36(8), 1361–1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993033.
Taniguchi, H., & Potter, D. A. (2016). Who are your neighbors? Neighbor relationships and subjective well-being in Japan. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1425–1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9445-4.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2014). Housing vacancies and homeownership. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/ann15ind.html.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). American community survey. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.
van Biljon, L., Roos, V., & Botha, K. (2015). A conceptual model of quality of life for older people in residential care facilities in South Africa. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10(3), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9322-6.
van Tilburg, T. (1998). Losing and gaining in old age: changes in personal network size and social support in a four-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53(6), S313–S323. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/53B.6.S313.
Van Zandt, S. S. (2004). Achieving the American dream: the impact of homeownership on opportunity for low- and moderate -income individuals. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Vanassche, S., Swicegood, G., & Matthijs, K. (2013). Marriage and children as a key to happiness? Cross-national differences in the effects of marital status and children on well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9340-8.
Veenhoven, R. (2008). Healthy happiness: effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9042-1.
Wandersman, A., Jakubs, J., & Giamartino, G. (1981). Participation in block organizations. Journal of Community Action, 1, 40–47.
Wood, L., Frank, L. D., & Giles-Corti, B. (2010). Sense of community and its relationship with walking and neighborhood design. Social Science & Medicine, 70(9), 1381–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.021.
World Values Survey Association. (2016). World values survey wave 6. (v.20150418 ed.). Madrid Spain: Asep/JDS.
Yen, I. H., Scherzer, T., Cubbin, C., Gonzalez, A., & Winkleby, M. A. (2007). Women's perceptions of neighborhood resources and hazards related to diet, physical activity, and smoking: focus group results from economically distinct neighborhoods in a mid-sized U.S. city. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(2), 98.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Bureau of Economic and Business Research at the University of Florida for the time in their monthly survey of Florida.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest with regard to this research. IRB approval was granted by the board at Arizona State University. No outside funding sources were used in this research.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ross, A., Talmage, C.A. & Searle, M. Toward a Flourishing Neighborhood: the Association of Happiness and Sense of Community. Applied Research Quality Life 14, 1333–1352 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9656-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9656-6