Skip to main content
Log in

“Children are going on a Different Path”: Youth Identity from the Bangladeshi Immigrant Parents’ Perspective

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe youth identity from the parents’ perspective focusing on the impact of migration on identity formation for both parents and children. The semi-structured interview guide was developed using an intersectional lens (Crenshaw 1989). Interviews with Bangladeshi immigrants (n = 18) living in Toronto, Canada, were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101, 2006) guide on thematic analysis and a systems framework (Khanlou et al. 2018). Parents described youth identity as a time of conflict fraught with turmoil, confusion, loneliness, and dual identity. Parents felt their children were on a divergent path from themselves in terms of identity and often felt the changes in their children as a result of acculturation were difficult to comprehend. Their identity as a “parent” took precedence over all other roles in life, particularly for mothers. Parents and children experienced changes in their identity at the macro-, meso-, micro-, and individual levels. Parenting support programs and resources are particularly needed for families with adolescent children to help mitigate conflict within the home and bridge understanding between parents and children as identities shift and transition through the migration and resettlement process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Access Alliance Multicultural and Community Health Services. (2008). East Danforth/Victoria Park community planning profile. Toronto, Canada; 2008: Patychuk, D. Retrieved September 14, 2018, from http://accessalliance.ca/sites/accessalliance/files/documents/East_Danforth_Victoria_Park_Report.pdf.

  • Alexander, C., Chatterji, J., & Jalais, A. (2015). The Bengal diaspora: rethinking Muslim migration. Publisher: Routledge

  • Arnett, J.J. (2004) Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties, New York: Oxford University Press. Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood : New Perspectives and Agendas, edited by Andy Furlong, Routledge, 2009.

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J., Qureshi, N., & Kai, J. (2013). Effectiveness of physical activity and dietary interventions in South Asian populations: a systematic review. The British Journal of General Practice, 63(607), e104–e114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y., He, M., & Harachi, T. W. (2008). Intergenerational cultural dissonance, parent–child conflict and bonding, and youth problem behaviors among Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrant families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W. A. (1990). Parent-child relationships in the transition to adolescence: continuity and change in interaction, affect, and cognition. In R. Montemayor, G. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), From childhood to adolescence: a transitional period? (pp. 85–106). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8. from http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8. Accessed 14 Sept 2018.

  • Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Encyclopedia of Canada’s People. (n.d.). Migration, Arrival, and Settlement. Toronto: Aminur Rahim for Multicultural History Society Retrieved September 12, 2018, from http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/b1/2.

  • Erikson, E. H. (Ed.). (1963). Youth: change and challenge. Basic books.

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., Lyyra, A., & Kokko, K. (2016). Parental identity and its relation to parenting and psychological functioning in middle age. Parenting, Science and Practice, 16(2), 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, S. (2005). We are not all the same: the differential migration, settlement patterns, and housing trajectories of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto (doctoral dissertation). Graduate program in Geography, York University, Toronto, Canada.

  • Ghosh, S. (2007). Transnational ties and intra-immigrant group settlement experiences: a case study of Indian Bengalies and Bangladeshies in Toronto. GeoJournal, 68, 223–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, S. (2014). Everyday lives in vertical neighbourhoods: exploring Bangladeshi residential spaces in Toronto’s inner suburbs: Vertical ‘Bengali’ neighbourhoods in Toronto’s inner suburbs. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(6).

  • Gill, J.K. (2007). Exploring issues of identity among Punjabi-Sikh youth in Toronto. Working Paper: CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre, 2007.

  • Government of Canada. (2009). High commission of Canada to Bangladesh. Ottawa: Canada. Retrieved September 13, 2018, from http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/bangladesh/index.aspx?lang=eng&view=d.

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: improving the usefulness of evaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communication & Technology Journal, 30(4), 233–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halder, R. (2012). Immigration and identity negotiation within the Bangladeshi immigrant community (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

  • Islam, F. (2015). Immigrating to Canada during early childhood associated with increased risk for mood disorders. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(6), 723–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keung, N. (2008). Bangladesh on the Danforth. The Toronto Star. Retrieved September 14, 2018, from http://www.thestar.com/news/article/307692%2D%2Dbangladesh-on-the-danforth.

  • Khanlou, N., Bender, A., Mill, C., Vazquez, L. M., & Rojas, L. (2018). Youth experiences of cultural identity and migration: a systems perspective. In S. Pashang, N. Khanlou, & J. Clarke (Eds.), Today’s youth and mental health: hope, power, and resilience. Advances in Mental Health and Addiction (Series editor: Masood Zanganeh) (pp. 57–76). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lewsen, S. (2017). A mental health crisis in Little Bangladesh. The Local. Retrieved from https://thelocal.to/a-mental-health-crisis-in-little-bangladesh-410a11d3fa4f.

  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Linden, P. (2017). A mixed method approach for assessing the relationship between acculturation and attitude toward English and school success among Bengali and Dominicans second-generation immigrant middle school students (doctoral dissertation). College of Education of Trident University, Cypress, California, USA.

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsebraaten, L. (2017). Toronto child poverty divided along racial lines. The Toronto Star. Retrieved September 9, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/11/15/toronto-child-poverty-divided-along-racial-lines.html.

  • Özdemir, M., & Koutakis, N. (2016). Does promoting parents’ negative attitudes to underage drinking reduce adolescents’ drinking? The mediating process and moderators of the effects of the Örebro Prevention Programme. Addiction., 111(2), 263–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Recknagel, J. (2017). Portrait: Mental Health in Oakridge and Taylor-Massey. The Local. Retrieved September 10, 2018, from https://thelocal.to/spotlight-mental-health-in-toronto-s-south-asian-community-4bc33eff27ec.

  • Rumbaut, R. G. (2004). Age, life stages, and generational cohorts: decomposing the immigrant first and second generations in the United States. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1160–1205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sava, N., Jhaveri, R., Sornalingam, T., Damba, C. Khaki, M. Pandian, M.E., Byczko, K. & Laidsky, D. (2016). East Toronto Sub-Region Profile. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from http://www.torontocentrallhin.on.ca/~/media/sites/tc/Newmediafolder/ForHSPs/Cross-sectortables/FINAL_EastToronto_June142016.pdf?la=en.

  • Schachter, E. P., & Ventura, J. J. (2008). Identity agents: parents as active and reflective participants in their children’s identity formation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. (2008). Canada’s ethnocultural mosaic, 2006 census (catalogue no. 97-562-XIE2006001). Ottawa, Canada: Chui, T., Tran, K., Maheux, H. Retrieved September 8, 2018, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-562/index-eng.cfm.

  • Statistics Canada. (2016). Ethnic diversity and immigration (catalogue no. 11-402-X) Retrieved September 9, 2018, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2011000/chap/imm/imm-eng.htm.

  • Statistics Canada. (2017). Toronto [census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released October 25, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2018, from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. Accessed 21 Nov 2017.

  • Toronto Central Local Health Integration Network (LHIN). (2016). LHIN Sub-Region Development - Toronto Central LHIN. Retrieved September 15, 2018, from http://www.torontocentrallhin.on.ca/~/media/sites/tc/Sub-Regions/EastSubRegionOpportunityAreaProfiles.pdf?la=en.

  • Tyyska, V. (2008). Parents and teens in immigrant families. Cultural influences and material pressures. Canadian Diversity / Diversité canadienne, Spring, 6(2). Retrieved September 15, 2018, from: http://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/Pgs_can_diversity_parents_spring08_e.pdf.

  • Zeitlyn, B. (2015). Transnational childhoods: British Bangladeshis, identities and social change (p. 2015). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Farah Islam.

Ethics declarations

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Human Participants Review Sub-Committee Board at York University, Toronto, Canada.

Conflict of Interest

Farah Islam, Anjum Sultana, Syeda Qasim, Mari Kozak, Hala Tamim, and Nazilla Khanlou declare that they have no conflict of interest. Farah Islam received research funding from the Research Cost Fund (Faculty of Graduate Studies, York University), LaMarsh Child and Youth Research collaborative group (York University), and the La Barge Scholarship in Multiculturalism (2013-2014) (York University).

Informed Consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all participants for being included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Islam, F., Sultana, A., Qasim, S. et al. “Children are going on a Different Path”: Youth Identity from the Bangladeshi Immigrant Parents’ Perspective. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 143–154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00148-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00148-4

Keywords

Navigation