Abstract
Change is needed in mental health pre-professional suicide training (PPST) to address updates in practice, ethical/legal, and accreditation guidelines. Assessing readiness for change can inform successful, lasting change. The Community Readiness Model offered an established structure for research team analysis of interviews with educators, administrators, and supervisors representing diverse, accredited counselor training programs. An overall score of 4.9 out of 9 indicates the counselor education and supervision (CES) profession is in the preplanning stage of readiness to address PPST. Readiness dimensional subscores ranged from 3.6 to 6.6, which align with readiness stages from vague awareness to initiation. CES needs to increase readiness to improve PPST regarding logistical support, knowledge of existing training, active leadership support, and the attitudinal environment toward suicide and PPST. This assessment informs the work of training program administrators, state and national policymakers, educators, and supervisors to improve PPST for future counselors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, J., Mohatt, G., Fok, C. C. T., Henry, D., & People Awakening Team. (2009). Suicide prevention as a community development process: understanding circumpolar youth suicide prevention through community level outcomes. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 68(3), 274–291. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v68i3.18328.
American Association of Suicidology. (2004). Core competencies for the assessment and management of individuals at risk for suicide. Washington, DC: Author Retrieved from www.suicidology.org/Portals/14/docs/Training/RRSR_Core_Competencies.pdf.
American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 Code of Ethics. Alexandria: Author Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/ethics.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: Author.
Barrio Minton, C. A., & Pease-Carter, C. (2011). The status of crisis preparation in counselor education: a national study and content analysis. Journal of Professional Counseling, 38(2), 5–17.
Barrio Minton, C. A., Gibson, D. M., & Wachter Morris, C. A. (2016). Evaluating student learning outcomes in counselor education. Alexandria: American Counseling Association.
Beal, G. M. (1964). Social action: Instigated social change in large social systems. In J. H. Copp (Ed.), Our changing rural society: Perspectives and trends. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Bryan, C. J., & Rudd, M. D. (2006). Advances in the assessment of suicide risk. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (n.d.). Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system (WISQARS).
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2009). 2009 Standards. Alexandria: Author.
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2015). 2016 Standards. Alexandria: Author Retrieved from http://www.cacrep.org/news/2016-cacrep-standards-available-in-pdf-format/.
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). Annual report. Alexandria: Author Retrieved from http://www.cacrep.org/about-cacrep/publications/cacrep-annual-reports/.
Cureton, J. L., & Clemens, E. V. (2015). Affective constellations for countertransference awareness following a client’s suicide attempt. Journal of Counseling and Development, 93(3), 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12033.
Cureton, J. L., Clemens, E. V., Henninger, J., & Couch, C. (2018). Readiness of counselor education and supervision to provide preprofessional suicide training. Manuscript in preparation.
DeWalt, T. A. (2009). The primary prevention of sexual violence against adolescents in Racine County and the Community Readiness Model. Milwaukee: Marquette University.
Dexter-Mazza, E. T., & Freeman, K. A. (2003). Graduate training and the treatment of suicidal clients: the students’ perspective. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(2), 211–218 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12882422.
Donnermeyer, J. F., Plested, B. A., Edwards, R. W., Oetting, G., & Littlethunder, L. (1997). Community readiness and prevention programs. Journal of the Community Development Society, 28(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575339709489795.
Dupre, M., Echterling, L. G., Meixner, C., Anderson, R., & Kielty, M. (2014). Supervision experiences of professional counselors providing crisis counseling. Counselor Education and Supervision, 53, 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2014.00050.x.
Edwards, R. W., Jumper-Thurman, P., Plested, B. A., Oetting, E. R., & Swanson, L. (2000). Community readiness: research to practice. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 291–307.
Ehlers, D. K., Huberty, J. L., & Beseler, C. L. (2013). Changes in community readiness among key school stakeholders after Ready for Recess. Health Education Research, 28(6), 943–953. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyt090.
Farro, S. A., Clark, C., & Hopkins Eyles, C. (2011). Assessing trauma-informed care readiness in behavioral health: an organizational case study. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 7(4), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2011.620429.
Freadling, A. H., & Foss-Kelly, L. L. (2014). New counselors’ experiences of community health centers. Counselor Education and Supervision, 53(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2014.00059.x.
Hoffman, R. M., Osborn, C. J., & West, J. D. (2013). Clinical supervision of counselors-in-training working with suicidal clients: a grounded theory investigation. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(1), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2013.780991.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: the systematic development of a scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886306295295.
Hung, E. K., Binder, R. L., Fordwood, S. R., Hall, S. E., Cramer, R. J., & McNiel, D. E. (2012). A method for evaluating competency in assessment and management of suicide risk. Academic Psychiatry, 36(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.10110160.
Isaak, C. A., Campeau, M., Katz, L. Y., Enns, M. W., Elias, B., & Sareen, J. (2010). Community-based suicide prevention research in remote on-reserve First Nations communities. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8(2), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9250-0.
Johnson, K., Kennedy, S. B., Harris, A. O., Lincoln, A., Neace, W., & Collins, D. (2005). Strengthening the HIV/AIDS service delivery system in Liberia: an international research capacity-building strategy. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 11(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2005.00532.x.
Kelly, K. J., & Stanley, L. (2014). Identifying upstream factors using the Community Readiness Model: the case of reducing alcohol use among college students. Journal of Social Marketing, 4(2), 176–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-08-2013-0055.
Kennedy, S. B., Johnson, K., Harris, A. O., Lincoln, A., Neace, W., & Collins, D. (2004). Evaluation of HIV/AIDS prevention resources in Liberia: strategy and implications. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 18(3), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1089/108729104322994856.
Kleespies, P. M., Penk, W. E., & Forsyth, J. P. (1993). The stress of patient suicidal behavior during clinical training: incidence, impact, and recovery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24(3), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.24.3.293.
Kunz, C. B., Jason, L. A., Adams, M., & Pokorny, S. B. (2009). Assessing police community readiness to work on youth access and possession of tobacco. Journal of Drug Education, 39(3), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.39.3.g.
Lauka, J. D., McCarthy, A. K., & Carter, D. A. (2014). A national survey on counseling training clinics in CACREP-accredited programs. Journal of Counseling in Illinois, 3(1), 5–16.
Liebling-Boccio, D. E., & Jennings, H. R. (2013). The current status of graduate training in suicide risk assessment. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21661.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
McAdams, C. R., & Foster, V. A. (2000). Client suicide: its frequency and impact on counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(2), 107–121.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Neukrug, E., Peterson, C. H., Bonner, M., & Lomas, G. I. (2013). A national survey of assessment instruments taught by counselor educators. Counselor Education and Supervision, 52(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2013.00038.x.
Oetting, E. R., Donnermeyer, J. F., Plested, B. A., Edwards, R. W., Kelly, K., & Beauvais, F. (1995). Assessing community readiness for prevention. The International Journal of the Addictions, 30(6), 659–683. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089509048752.
Ostrander, J. F., & Ferrucci, S. (2007). Co-occurring disorders, emotion/mood literacy, and emotion/mood regulation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 5(3), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9076-6.
Plested, B. A., Jumper-Thurman, P., Edwards, R. W., & Oetting, E. R. (1998). Community readiness: a tool for effective community-based prevention. The Prevention Researcher.
Plested, B. A., Smitham, D. M., Jumper-Thurman, P., Oetting, E. R., & Edwards, R. W. (1999). Readiness for drug use prevention in rural minority communities. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 521–544. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089909037229.
Plested, B. A., Jumper-Thurman, P., & Edwards, R. W. (2006). Community Readiness: advancing suicide prevention in Native communities. Fort Collins: Center for Applied Studies in American Ethnicity, Colorado State University.
Plested, B. A., Jumper-Thurman, P., & Edwards, R. W. (2009). Community readiness: advancing HIV/AIDS prevention in Native communities (Revised Ed). Fort Collins: Ethnic Studies Department, Colorado State University.
Portland Area Indian Health Service & Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. (2009). Northwest suicide prevention tribal action plan. Portland: Author Retrieved from www.npaihb.org.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390.
Raper, J. D. (2010). An exploratory study of the relationships between educational, clinical, and personal exposure to suicide and suicide intervention skill (Doctoral dissertation). Syracuse University. https://doi.org/ProQuest (UMI Number 3429070).
Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
Rogers, J. R., Gueulette, C. M., Abbey-Hines, J., Carney, J. V., & Werth, J. L. (2001). Rational suicide: an empirical investigation of counselor attitudes. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01982.x.
Ruth, B. J., Gianino, M., Muroff, J., McLaughlin, D., & Feldman, B. N. (2012). You can’t recover from suicide: perspectives on suicide education in MSW programs. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(3), 501–516. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000095.
Schmitz, W. M., Allen, M. H., Feldman, B. N., Gutin, N. J., Jahn, D. R., Kleespies, P. M., et al. (2012). Preventing suicide through improved training in suicide risk assessment and care: an American Association of Suicidology Task Force report addressing serious gaps in U.S. mental health training. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(3), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00090.x.
Schwab, D. P., Heneman, H. G., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1975). Behaviorally anchored rating scales: a review of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 28, 549–562. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.1975.4982613.
Shaw, B. M. (2014). The preparation of master’s-level professional counselors for positions in college and university counseling centers. Journal of College Counseling, 17(3), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00060.x.
Smith, P. C., & Kendall, L. M. (1963). Retranslation of expectations: an approach to the construction of unambiguous anchors for rating scales. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 47(2), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047060.
Stanley, B., & Brown, G. K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.01.001.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA tribal training and technical assistance center webpage. Rockville. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/tribal-ttac.
Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (n.d.). SPRC American Indian/Alaska Native webpage. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/aian/basics-getting-started.
Suicide Prevention Resource Center and Suicide Prevention Action Network USA. (2010). Charting the future of suicide prevention: A 2010 progress review of the National Strategy and recommendations for the decade ahead. Newton. Retrieved from www.sprc.org
Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research. (2014). Community Readiness for community change. Fort Collins: Colorado State University Retrieved from http://triethniccenter.colostate.edu/CRhandbookcopy.htm.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the Surgeon General and National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. (2012). 2012 National strategy for suicide prevention: Goals and objectives for action. Washington, DC: Author Retrieved from www.samhsa.gov/nssp.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration National Center for health workforce analysis. (2013). The U.S health workforce chartbook: Part IV behavioral and allied health. Rockville. Retrieved from http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/index.html.
U.S. Public Health Service. (1999). The Surgeon General’s call to action to prevent suicide. Washington, DC: Author Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/resources-programs.
Wachter Morris, C. A., & Barrio Minton, C. A. (2012). Crisis in the curriculum? New counselors’ crisis preparation, experiences, and self-efficacy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 51(4), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2012.00019.x.
Warren, R. (1978). The community in America (3rd ed.). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Whipple, K., Caldwell, R., Simmons, S. J., & Dowd, D. (2008). Increasing community readiness for campus tobacco policy. American Journal of Health Studies, 23(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7458-4.50005-8.
Wozny, D. A. (2005). The prevalence of suicide and violence assessment/intervention courses in CACREP- and COAMFTE-accredited counseling curriculums. VISTAS Online.
Funding
This research was supported in part by a grant from the University of Colorado Denver Association of Lecturers and Instructors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cureton, J.L., Clemens, E.V., Henninger, J. et al. Pre-professional Suicide Training for Counselors: Results of a Readiness Assessment. Int J Ment Health Addiction 18, 27–40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9898-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9898-4