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Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review

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Abstract

In this paper, the particle acceleration processes around magnetotail dipolarization fronts (DFs) were reviewed. We summarize the spacecraft observations (including Cluster, THEMIS, MMS) and numerical simulations (including MHD, test-particle, hybrid, LSK, PIC) of these processes. Specifically, we (1) introduce the properties of DFs at MHD scale, ion scale, and electron scale, (2) review the properties of suprathermal electrons with particular focus on the pitch-angle distributions, (3) define the particle-acceleration process and distinguish it from the particle-heating process, (4) identify the particle-acceleration process from spacecraft measurements of energy fluxes, and (5) quantify the acceleration efficiency and compare it with other processes in the magnetosphere (e.g., magnetic reconnection and radiation-belt acceleration processes). We focus on both the acceleration of electrons and ions (including light ions and heavy ions). Regarding electron acceleration, we introduce Fermi, betatron, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms; regarding ion acceleration, we present Fermi, betatron, reflection, resonance, and non-adiabatic acceleration mechanisms. We also discuss the unsolved problems and open questions relevant to this topic, and suggest directions for future studies.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41404133, 41874188, 41574153, 40621003 & 41431071). Elena E. GRIGORENKO was supported by the project (Grant No. KP19-270). Christine GABRIELSE was supported by NASA (Grant No. NAS5-02099). K. J. HWANG acknowledges the support by NASA’s MMS project at SwRI and NSF (Grant Nos. AGS- 1602510, NASA NNX16AI39G/80NSSC18K1534, 80NSSC18K0570 & 80NSSC18K0693).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China

    Huishan Fu, Chengming Liu, Zhe Wang & Fang Chen

  2. Space Research Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia

    Elena E. Grigorenko

  3. Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

    Christine Gabrielse & San Lu

  4. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, USA

    K. J. Hwang

  5. Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Xuzhi Zhou

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  1. Huishan Fu
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  2. Elena E. Grigorenko
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  3. Christine Gabrielse
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  4. Chengming Liu
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  5. San Lu
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  6. K. J. Hwang
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  7. Xuzhi Zhou
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  8. Zhe Wang
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  9. Fang Chen
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Correspondence to Huishan Fu.

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Fu, H., Grigorenko, E.E., Gabrielse, C. et al. Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review. Sci. China Earth Sci. 63, 235–256 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9551-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9551-y

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