Abstract
Purpose
Previous studies have reported the occurrence of a Redfield-type ratio (e.g., C/N/P, C/N, C/P, or N/P) between C, N, and P concentrations in marine and (in part) terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, we aimed to determine whether a similar Redfield-type ratio can occur in farmland soil, as well as to elucidate how the C, N, and P ratios change with farmland-use types, soil physicochemical properties, and environmental factors.
Materials and methods
The stoichiometric patterns of soil C, N, and P in farmland were analyzed based on 6150 samples (0–20 cm) collected in 2012 by the Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Project in the Poyang Lake region of Southern China.
Results and discussion
The average soil C/N/P ratio in farmland of the study region was 98.4:16:1, which was slightly lower than the Redfield ratio of 106:16:1. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of C, N, and P, indicating the absence of Redfield-type C/N/P, C/P, and N/P ratios. In contrast, the correlation between the concentrations of C and N was significant, indicating the presence of a stable Redfield-type C/N ratio in farmland soil. The average soil C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios corresponding to various farmland-use types showed significant differences (p < 0.01). In addition, all three ratios showed significant correlation with the latitude, soil pH, and mean annual precipitation.
Conclusions
There are no stable Redfield-type C/N/P, C/P, and N/P ratios while a stable Redfield-type C/N ratio exists in farmland soil in the Poyang Lake region. We urgently need to carry out ecological control experiments and field fertilization observations to understand the relationship between the stability of soil elements and fertilizer application in farmland.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arunachalam K, Arunachalam A (2006) Nitrogen availability and N mineralization under different land use types in the humid tropics of Arunachal Pradesh. Tropic Ecol 47:99–107
Bai Y, Wu JG, Clark CM, Naeem S, Pan QM, Huang JH, Zhang LX, Han XG (2010) Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia Grasslands. Glob Change Biol 26:358–372
Barbhuiya AR, Arunachalama A, Pandey HN, Arunachalam K, Khan ML, Nath PC (2004) Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, N and P in disturbed and undisturbed stands of a tropical wet-evergreen forest. Eur J Soil Biol 40:113–121
Batjes NH (1996) Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. Eur J Soil Sci 47:151–163
Bell C, Carrillo Y, Boot CM, Rocca JD, Pendall E, Wallenstein MD (2013) Rhizosphere stoichiometry: are C:N:P ratios of plants, soils, and enzymes conserved at the plant species-level? New Phytol 201:505–517
Braakhekke WG, Hooftman D (1999) The resource balance hypothesis of plant species diversity in grassland. J Vegetation Sci 10:187–200
Bui EN, Henderson BL (2013) C:N:P stoichiometry in Australian soils with respect to vegetation and environmental factors. Plant Soil 373:553–568
Castellanos AE, Llano-Sotelo JM, Machado-Encinas LI, López-Piña JE, Romo-Leon JR, Sardans J, Peñuelas J (2018) Foliar C, N, and P stoichiometry characterize successful plant ecological strategies in the sonoran desert. Plant Ecol 219:775–788
Chen GC, He ZL, Huang CY (2000a) Microbial biomass phosphorus and its significance in predicting phosphorus availability in red soils. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 31:655–667
Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR (2000b) Effects of afforestation on phosphorus dynamics and biological properties in a New Zealand grassland soil. Plant Soil 220:151–163
Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR (2003) Seasonal changes in soil phosphorus and associated microbial properties under adjacent grassland and forest in New Zealand. For Ecol Manag 177:539–557
Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR (2004) Effects of plant species on microbial biomass phosphorus and phosphatase activity in a range of grassland soils. Biol Fertil Soils 40:313–322
Chen GC, He ZL (2004) Determination of soil microbial biomass phosphorus in acid red soils from Southern China. Biol Fertil Soil 39:446–451
Cleveland CC, Liptzin D (2007) C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a “Redfield ratio” for the microbial biomass? Biogeochemistry 85:235–252
Cleveland CC, Townsend AR, Constance BC, Ley RE, Schmidt SK (2010) Soil microbial dynamics in Costa Rica: seasonal and biogeochemical constraints. Biotropica 36:184–195
Drenovsky RE, Richards JH (2006) Low leaf N and P resorption contributes to nutrient limitation in two desert shrubs. Plant Ecol 183:305–314
Dai XL, Zhou W, Liu GR, Liang GQ, He P, Liu ZB (2019) Soil C/N and pH together as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating the effects of organic substitution management in subtropical paddy fields after application of high-quality amendments. Geoderma 337:1116–1125
Elser JJ, Fagan WF, Denno RF, Dobberfuhl DR, Folarin A, Huberty A, Interlandi S, Kilham SS, McCauley E, Schulz KL, Siemann EH, Sterner RW (2000a) Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs. Nature 408:578–580
Elser JJ, Sterner RW, Gorokhova E, Fagan WF, Markow TA, Cotner JB, Harrison JF, Hobbie SE, Odell GM, Weider LJ (2000b) Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems. Ecol Lett 3:540–550
Elser JJ, Bracken ME, Cleland EE, Gruner DS, Harpole WS, Hillebrand H, Ngai JT, Seabloom EW, Shurin JB, Smith JE (2007) Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Lett 10:1135–1142
Gao Y, He NP, Yu GR, Chen WL, Wang QF (2014) Long-term effects of different land use types on C, N, and P stoichiometry and storage in subtropical ecosystems: a case study in China. Ecol Eng 67:171–181
Güsewell S, Bailey KM, Roem WJ, Bedford BL (2005) Nutrient limitation and botanical diversity in wetlands: can fertilisation raise species richness? Oikos 109:71–80
Guo X, Jiang YF (2019) Spatial characteristics of ecological stoichiometry and their driving factors in farmland soils in Poyang Lake Plain, Southeast China. J Soils Sediments 19:263–274
Han WX, Fang JY, Guo DL, Zhang Y (2005) Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytol 168:377–385
Han WX, Fang JY, Reich PB, Woodward FL, Wang ZH (2011) Biogeography and variability of eleven mineral elements in plant leaves across gradients of climate, soil and plant functional type in China. Ecol Lett 14:788–796
Hu PL, Wang KL, Zeng SX, Zhang H, Li SS, Song XJ (2017) Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants, soil, and microbes of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Guimu-1 pastures at different rehabilitation ages in a karst rocky desertification region. Acta Ecol Sin 37:896–905 (in Chinese)
Jiang YF, Guo X, Sun K, Rao L, Li J, Wang LK, Ye YC, Li WF (2017a) Spatial variability of farmland soil C:N ratio of Jiangxi Province. Environ Sci 38:3840–3850 (in Chinese)
Jiang YF, Ye YC, Guo X, Rao L, Sun K, Li WF (2017b) Spatial variability of ecological stoichiometry of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in farmlands of Jiangxi province and its influencing factors. Acta Pedol Sin 54:1527–1539 (in Chinese)
Jiang YF, Rao L, Sun K, Han Y, Guo X (2018) Spatio-temporal distribution of soil nitrogen in Poyang Lake ecological economic zone (South-China). Sci Total Environ 626:235–243
Leviston Z, Walker I, Green M, Price J (2018) Linkages between ecosystem services and human wellbeing: a Nexus Webs approach. Ecol Indic 93:658–668
Liu P, Huang JH, Han XG, Sun OJ, Zhou ZY (2006) Differential responses of litter decomposition to increased soil nutrients and water between two contrasting grassland plant species of Inner Mongolia, China. Appl Soil Ecol 34:266–275
Li Y, Wu JS, Liu SL, Shen JL, Huang DY, Su YR, Wei WX, Syers JK (2012) Is the C:N:P stoichiometry in soil and soil microbial biomass related to the landscape and land use in southern subtropical China? Glob Biogeochem Cycles 337:1–14
Li DW, Wang ZQ, Tian HX, He WX, Geng ZC (2017) Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in soils on Taibai Mountain and their ecological stoichiometry relative to elevation. Acta Pedol Sin 54:160–170 (in Chinese)
Lü XT, Freschet GT, Kazakou E, Wang ZW, Zhou LS, Han XG (2015) Contrasting responses in leaf nutrient-use strategies of two dominant grass species along a 30-yr temperate steppe grazing exclusion chronosequence. Plant Soil 387:69–79
Nicholls N, Wong KK (1990) Dependence of rainfall variability on mean rainfall, latitude, and the southern oscillation. J Clim 3:163–172
Mcgroddy ME, Daufresne T, Hedin LO (2004) Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forests worldwide: implications of terrestrial Redfield-type ratios. Ecology 85:2390–2401
Mulder C, Elser JJ (2009) Soil acidity, ecological stoichiometry and allometric scaling in grassland food webs. Glob Chang Biol 15:2730–2738
Redfield AC (1958) The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Am Scientist 46:205–221
Reich PB, Oleksyn J (2004) Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11001–11006
Richardson AE, Barea J, Mcneill AM, Prigent-Combaret C (2009) Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil 321:305–339
Sardans J, Rivas-Ubach A, Peñuelas J (2012) The C:N:P stoichiometry of organisms and ecosystems in a changing world: a review and perspectives. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol System 14:33–47
Sun X, Kang HZ, Du HM, Hu HB, Zhou JB, Hou JL, Zhou X, Liu CJ (2012) Stoichiometric traits of oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) acorns and their variations in relation to environmental variables across temperate to subtropical China. Ecol Res 27:765–773
Tessier J, Raynal DJ (2003) Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation. J Appl Ecol 40:523–534
Tian HQ, Chen GS, Zhang C, Melillo JM, Hall CAS (2010) Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China’s soils: a synthesis of observational data. Biogeochemistry. 98:139–151
Tischer A, Potthast K, Hamer U (2014) Land-use and soil depth affect resource and microbial stoichiometry in a tropical mountain rainforest region of southern Ecuador. Oecologia 175:375–393
Townsend AR, Cleveland CC, Asner GP, Bustamante MMC (2007) Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests. Ecology 88:107–118
Venterink HO, Wassen MJ, Verkroost AWM, Ruiter PCD (2003) Species richness–productivity patterns differ between N-, P-, and K-limited wetlands. Ecology 84:2191–2199
Wang WQ, Sardans J, Wang C, Zeng CS, Tong C, Asensio D, Peñuelas J (2015) Ecological stoichiometry of C, N, and P of invasive phragmites australis, and native cyperus malaccensis, species in the minjiang river tidal estuarine wetlands of China. Plant Ecol 216:809–822
Wassen MJ, Hgmolde V, Eoamde S (2010) Nutrient concentrations in mire vegetation as a measure of nutrient limitation in mire ecosystems. J Veg Sci 6:5–16
Xia CX, Yu D, Wang Z, Xie D (2014) Stoichiometry patterns of leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in aquatic macrophytes in eastern China. Ecol Eng 70:406–413
Xu XF, Thornton PE, Post WM (2013) A global analysis of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22:737–749
Yang YH, Fang JY, Guo DL, Ji CJ, Ma WH (2010) Vertical patterns of soil carbon, nitrogen and carbon: nitrogen stoichiometry in Tibetan grasslands. Biogeosci Discuss 7:1–24
Yuan ZY, Chen HYH (2009) Global trends in senesced-leaf nitrogen and phosphorus. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:532–542
Yu Q, Chen QS, Elser JJ, He NP, Wu HH, Zhang GM, Wu JG, Bai YF, Han XG (2010) Linking stoichiometric homoeostasis with ecosystem structure, functioning and stability. Ecol Lett 13:1390–1399
Zeng DH, Chen GS (2005) Ecological stoichiometry: a science to explore the complexity of living systems. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica 29:1007–1019
Zhang GL, Gong ZT (2012) Soil survey laboratory methods. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Zhang ZS, Lu XG, Song XL, Guo Y, Xue ZS (2012) Soil C, N and P stoichiometry of Deyeuxia angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa wetlands in Sanjiang plain, Northeast China. J Soils Sediments 12:1309–1315
Zhang ZS, Song XL, Lu XG, Xue ZS (2013) Ecological stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in estuarine wetland soils: influences of vegetation coverage, plant communities, geomorphology, and seawalls. J Soils Sediments 13:1043–1051
Zhang ZS, Lu XG, Xue ZS, Liu XH (2016) Is there a Redfield-type C:N:P ratio in Chinese wetland soils? Acta Pedol Sin 53:1160–1169 (in Chinese)
Zhang H, Ouyang ZC, Zhao XM, Guo X, Kuang LH, Ye YC (2018) Effects of different land use types on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the plow layer of farmland soil in Jiangxi Province. Acta Sci Circumst 38:2486–2497 (in Chinese)
Zhao WJ, Liu XD, Jin M, Zhang XL, Che ZX, Jing WM, Wang SL, Niu Y, Qi P, Li WJ (2016) Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in leaf-litter-soil system of picea crassifolia forest in the Qilian Mountains. Acta Pedol Sin 53:477–489 (in Chinese)
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFD0301603).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Chengrong Chen
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(XLSX 869 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, Y., Guo, X. Stoichiometric patterns of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in farmland of the Poyang Lake region in Southern China. J Soils Sediments 19, 3476–3488 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02317-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02317-3