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Analyzing asymmetric impact of economic growth, energy use, FDI inflows, and oil prices on CO2 emissions through NARDL approach

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Abstract

Even though numerous studies explore the impact of macroeconomic variables on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, only a few existing studies estimate the asymmetric impact and causality. By considering the significance of asymmetries, this study investigates the asymmetric impact of economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment inflows on CO2 emissions in India wherein oil prices are included as additional variable. The kinked exponential growth of these variables over the period 1986–2014 is also estimated. To this end, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and asymmetric causality test are used. The results show that increase in economic growth would decrease CO2 emissions, while a reduction in economic growth would increase CO2 emissions which implies an inverted U-shaped link between economic growth and CO2 emissions. The positive and negative shocks in oil prices have a favorable and significant impact on CO2 emissions as well. Furthermore, the energy consumption with positive shock shows a positive and significant impact on CO2 emission. Besides, the findings of foreign direct investment inflows support the pollution heaven hypothesis. In light of these results, this study also suggested some policy implications and future research avenues in the concluding section.

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Data availability

Data used in this study can be found in the cited link.

Notes

  1. The literature survey is based on the four renowned scholarly databases; Google scholars, JSTOR, PubMed, and ResearchGate.

  2. The beginning point is selected on the basis of crude oil prices which is available only from 1986 and the end point is also selected on the basis of CO2 emissions and energy consumptions’ data, which are available only up to 2014 on WDI-2020.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to the editor Inglesi-Lotz and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments, which significantly improved the paper. The authors also thankful to Nusrat Akber (Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University) for her  constructive comments on the earlier draft of this paper. A previous version of this article was also presented at the Rajagiri Business School Kerala, India. The author would like to thank the conference participants for their comments, especially Dr. Aviral Kumar Tiwar and Dr. Anoop Sasikumar. However, the usual disclaimer applies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, 182320, India

    Aqib Mujtaba & Pabitra Kumar Jena

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  1. Aqib Mujtaba
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  2. Pabitra Kumar Jena
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Both authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. More specifically, Aqib Mujtaba has contributed to the conception, drafting, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation, whereas the proofreading and manuscript editing have been contributed by Pabitra Kumar Jena.

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Correspondence to Aqib Mujtaba.

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Responsible Editor: Roula Inglesi-Lotz

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Mujtaba, A., Jena, P.K. Analyzing asymmetric impact of economic growth, energy use, FDI inflows, and oil prices on CO2 emissions through NARDL approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 30873–30886 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12660-z

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