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Chemical characterization of billy goat weed extracts Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) and their mosquitocidal activity against three blood-sucking pests and their non-toxicity against aquatic predators

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Abstract

The petroleum ether crude extracts of A. conyzoides (Pe-Ac) were used to treat three medically intimidating pests of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus, to evaluate their non-target screening against the mosquito predator. The chemical scanning of Pe-Ac through GC-MS analysis revealed a total of nine compounds and the maximum peak area was observed in 1,5-Heptadien-3-yne (22.14%). At the maximum dosage of Pe-Ac (200 ppm), significant larvicidal activity was shown against the fourth instars of Ae. aegypti (96%), An. stephensi (93%), and Cx. quinquefasciatus (92%) respectively. The percentages of oviposition deterrence index (ODI) of all three mosquito vectors are maximum at the highest sub-lethal dosage of Pe-Ac (75 ppm) and minimum at the control dosage. The sub-lethal dosage blocked the activity of carboxylesterase activity and upregulated the detoxifying enzyme activity in a dose-dependent way. The adulticidal activity of Pe-Ac showed that the maximum adult mortality rate (100%) was recorded at the prominent dosage of Pe-Ac 600 ppm against the vectors of all three mosquitos at the maximum adulticidal time of 30 min. Histopathological investigation of fourth instar larvae of all three mosquitos treated with a sub-lethal dosage of Pe-Ac showed that the midgut cells (epithelium, lumen, and peritrophic matrix) are ruptured completely whereas they appear to be normal in control larvae. The non-toxicity evaluation of Pe-Ac compared with the chemical toxin Temephos in aquatic predator Toxorhynchites splendens revealed that the plant extracts are harmless even at the prominent dosage (1000 ppm) as compared to Temephos (1 and 2 ppm) and displayed a higher mortality rate against the mosquito predators. Thus the safety index recommends that the Pe-Ac is more explicit to targets and a suitable auxiliary to chemical pesticides.

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The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Department of Zoology, J.K.K. Nataraja College of Arts and Science for carrying out this research work.This research work was also partially supported by Chiang Mai University.

Funding

This research was partially funded by the Post-Doctoral Program, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PG and Research Department of Zoology, J.K.K. Nataraja College of Arts and Science, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, 638 183, India

    Venkatachalam Ramasamy & Subramaniam Umavathi

  2. Division of Bio-pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India

    Sengodan Karthi & Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan

  3. Department of Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea

    Raja Ganesan

  4. Department of Botany, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 66 011, India

    Palanisamy Prakash

  5. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Patcharin Krutmuang

  6. Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Patcharin Krutmuang

  7. Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan

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Authors contributions: VR, SK, RG, and PP designed the research plan and drafted the manuscript. VR, PV, and SK performed the experimental work and data compilation. PV, SU, and SK coordinated the work and discussed the results. SS, SU, and PK revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Subramaniam Umavathi, Patcharin Krutmuang or Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan.

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Ramasamy, V., Karthi, S., Ganesan, R. et al. Chemical characterization of billy goat weed extracts Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) and their mosquitocidal activity against three blood-sucking pests and their non-toxicity against aquatic predators. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 28456–28469 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12362-6

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