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Responses of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) to exogenous salicylic acid and iron oxide nanoparticles under salt stress

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Abstract

This research with a factorial arrangement was undertaken to investigate physiological responses of ajowan plants to foliar treatment of salicylic acid (1 mM) and nano-Fe2O3 (3 mM) under various salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS m−1 NaCl, respectively). Rising salinity enhanced sodium and endogenous SA contents, soluble sugars, protein, glycine betaine, proline, antioxidant enzymes activities, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation, while reduced potassium and iron contents, membrane stability index, leaf water content, leaf pigments, root and shoot biomasses, and seed yield. Application of particularly SA and SA+nano-Fe2O3 alleviated salt toxicity via enhancing K+ uptake, K+/Na+ ratio, Fe content, endogenous level of SA, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase), and most of the osmolytes. These changes were resulted in improving membrane stability index, leaf water content, leaf pigments, root and shoot growth, and finally seed yield of plants under moderate and severe salinities. Therefore, these treatments can additively enhance salt tolerance and physiological performance of ajowan through increasing antioxidant capacity, osmolytes, and photosynthetic pigments.

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Abbreviations

CAT:

Catalase

Chl:

Chlorophyll

EC:

Electrical conductivity

FC:

Field capacity

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GB:

Glycine betaine

LWC:

Leaf water content

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MSI:

Membrane stability index

Nano-Fe2O3 :

Nano-iron oxide

NBT:

Nitro blue tetrazolium

NPs:

Nanoparticles

POX:

Peroxidase

PPO:

Polyphenol oxidase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

SEM:

Scanning electronic microscopy

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

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Funding

We appreciate the financial support of this work by the University of Tabriz and Iran National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Soheila Abdoli & Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani

  2. Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Saeideh Alizadeh-Salteh

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  1. Soheila Abdoli
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Contributions

Soheila Abdoli: Experimental work, statistical analysis, and writing

Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani: Experimental design, supervision, and writing

Saeideh Alizadeh-Salteh: Experimental help

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Correspondence to Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani.

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Abdoli, S., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. & Alizadeh-Salteh, S. Responses of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) to exogenous salicylic acid and iron oxide nanoparticles under salt stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 36939–36953 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09453-1

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