Abstract
Natural steroid estrogens (NSEs), including free estrogens (FEs) and conjugated estrogens (CEs), are of emerging concern globally among public and scientific community due to their recognized adverse effects on human and wildlife endocrine systems in recent years. In this review, the properties, occurrence, sorption process, and transformation pathways of NSEs are clarified in the environment. The work comprehensively summarizes the occurrence of both free and conjugated estrogens in different natural and built environments (e.g., river, WWTPs, CAFOs, soil, and sediment). The sorption process of NSEs can be impacted by organic compounds, colloids, composition of clay minerals, specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH value. The degradation and transformation of free and conjugated estrogens in the environment primarily involves oxidation, reduction, deconjugation, and esterification reactions. Elaboration about the major, subordinate, and minor transformation pathways of both biotic and abiotic processes among NSEs is highlighted. The moiety types and binding sites also would affect deconjugation degree and preferential transformation pathways of CEs. Notably, some intermediate products of NSEs still remain estrogenic potency during transformation process; the elimination of total estrogenic activity needs to be addressed in further studies. The in-depth researches regarding the behavior of both free and conjugated estrogens are further required to tackle their contamination problem in the ecosystem.
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Abbreviations
- NSEs:
-
Natural steroid estrogens
- FEs:
-
Free estrogens
- CEs:
-
Conjugated estrogens
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- EDCs:
-
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
- E1:
-
Estrone
- 17α-E2:
-
17α-Estradiol
- 17β-E2:
-
17β-Estradiol
- E3:
-
Estriol
- E4:
-
Estetrol
- CSEs:
-
Conjugated sulfate estrogens
- E1-3S:
-
Estrone-3-sulfate
- 17β-E2-3S:
-
17β-Estradiol-3-sulfate
- 17β-E2-17S:
-
17β-Estradiol-17-sulfate
- 17β-E2-3,17-2S:
-
17β-Estradiol-3,17-disulfate
- E3-3S:
-
Estriol-3-sulfate
- CGEs:
-
Conjugated glucuronide estrogens
- E1-3G:
-
Estrone-3-glucuronide
- 17β-E2-3G:
-
17β-Estradiol-3-glucuronide
- 17β-E2-17G:
-
17β-Estradiol-17-glucuronide
- E3-3G:
-
Estriol-3-glucuronide
- E3-16G:
-
Estriol-16-glucuronide
- E3-17G:
-
Estriol-17-glucuronide
- CS-GEs:
-
Conjugated sulfate-glucuronide estrogens
- 17β-E2-3S-17G:
-
17β-Estradiol-3-sulfate-17-glucuronide
- 17β-E2-3G-17S:
-
17β-Estradiol-3-glucuronide-17-sulfate
- E3-3S-16G:
-
Estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucuronide
- WWTPs:
-
Wastewater treatment plants
- HWWTPs:
-
Hospital wastewater treatment plants
- CAFOs:
-
Concentrated animal feeding operations
- K ow :
-
Octanol-water partition coefficient
- K d :
-
Solid-water distribution coefficient
- K oc :
-
Organic carbon distribution coefficient
- pK a :
-
Acid dissociation constant
- E-Screen:
-
Human breast cancer cell line proliferation
- YES:
-
Yeast estrogen screen
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- DOM:
-
Dissolved organic matter
- SRT:
-
Solid retention time
- HRT:
-
Hydraulic retention time
- ArySTS:
-
Arylsulfatase
- GUSB:
-
β-glucuronidase
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- O3 :
-
Ozone
- ·OH:
-
Hydroxyl radical
- SSA:
-
Specific surface area
- CEC:
-
Cation exchange capacity
- HA:
-
Humic acid
- COC:
-
Colloidal organic carbon
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- ArySULT:
-
Arylsulfotransferase
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Acknowledgments
The authors express sincere thanks to Editor Professor Doctor Ester Heath and three anonymous reviewers for their critical and dedicated comments on the original manuscript, which greatly improved the quality of the final article.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51608079), National Engineering Technology Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation and Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education Open Funding (SLK2018A04), Graduate Education Innovation Funding of School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University (YC2018002), and Laboratory Open Funding of Chongqing Jiaotong University (SYJ201608).
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Highlights
• Occurrence of both free and conjugated estrogens in the environment is summarized.
• Major, subordinate, and minor biotic/abiotic transformation pathways are proposed.
• Sorption and transformation mechanisms of NSE mixtures are further required.
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Yu, W., Du, B., Yang, L. et al. Occurrence, sorption, and transformation of free and conjugated natural steroid estrogens in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 9443–9468 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04402-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04402-z