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Contamination status and potential release of trace metals in a mangrove forest sediment in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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Abstract

Can Gio district is located in the coastal area of Ho Chi Minh City, southern Vietnam. Discharge of wastewater from Ho Chi Minh City and neighboring provinces to the rivers of Can Gio has led to concerns about the accumulation of trace metals (As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the coastal sediments. The main objective of this study was to assess the distribution of As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface and core sediments and to evaluate the contamination status in relation to local background values, as well as the potential release of these selected trace metals from sediments to the water environment. Sediment characteristization, including determination of fine fraction, pH, organic matter, and major elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, and S), was carried out to investigate which parameters affect the trace metal enrichment. Fine fraction and Al contents were found to be the controlling proxies affecting the distribution of trace metals while other sediment characteristics did not show any clear influence on trace metals’ distribution. Although As concentrations in the sediments were much higher compared to its reference value in other areas, the enrichment factor based on local background values suggests minor contamination of this element as well as for Cr, Cu, and Pb. Risk assessment suggested a medium to very high risk of Mn, Zn, and Ni under acidification. Of importance is also that trace metals in sediments were not easily mobilized by organic complexation based on their low extractabilities by ammonium-EDTA extraction.

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Abbreviations

CF:

Contamination factor

EF:

Enrichment factor

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

HOAc:

Acetic acid

OM:

Organic matter

PEL:

Probable effect levels

PLI:

Pollution load index

SQG:

Sediment quality guideline

TEL:

Threshold effect level

TM(s):

Trace metal(s)

UCC:

Upper continental crust

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), Stockholm, Sweden, through a grant to Tran Thi Thu Dung. Great thanks go to Nguyen Thi Ha and Ngo Dinh Tuan for their assistance during field work and sample preparation. The personnel at Can Gio Mangrove Protection Forest Management Board are also acknowledged for accessing the Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve and support during sampling campaigns.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Science, Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCMC), 227 Nguyen Van Cu St., W4, D5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Tran Thi Thu Dung, Tong My Linh & Tran Bích Chau

  2. University of Science, Faculty of Geology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCMC), 227 Nguyen Van Cu St., W4, D5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Truong Minh Hoang

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Rudy Swennen & Valerie Cappuyns

  4. Centre for Economics and Corporate Sustainability, KU Leuven, Warmoesberg 26, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Valerie Cappuyns

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  1. Tran Thi Thu Dung
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  2. Tong My Linh
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  3. Tran Bích Chau
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  4. Truong Minh Hoang
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Correspondence to Tran Thi Thu Dung.

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Dung, T.T.T., Linh, T.M., Chau, T.B. et al. Contamination status and potential release of trace metals in a mangrove forest sediment in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 9536–9551 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04355-3

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