Abstract
Dietary exposure to the organophosphorothionate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been linked to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. We therefore sought to investigate whether (i) CPF’s impact extends to the intestinal barrier and (ii) the prebiotic inulin could prevent such an effect. In vitro models mimicking the intestinal environment (the SHIME®) and the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2/TC7 cells) were exposed to CPF. After the SHIME® had been exposed to CPF and/or inulin, we assessed the system’s bacterial and metabolic profiles. Extracts from the SHIME®’s colon reactors were then transferred to Caco-2/TC7 cultures, and epithelial barrier integrity and function were assessed. We found that inulin co-treatment partially reversed CPF-induced dysbiosis and increased short-chain fatty acid production in the SHIME®. Furthermore, co-treatment impacted tight junction gene expression and inhibited pro-inflammatory signaling in the Caco-2/TC7 intestinal cell line. Whereas, an isolated in vitro assessment of CPF and inulin effects provides useful information on the mechanism of dysbiosis, combining two in vitro models increases the in vivo relevance.
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Abbreviations
- CPF:
-
chlorpyriphos
- SHIME®:
-
Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem
- cDNA:
-
complementary DNA
- D:
-
day
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TEER:
-
transepithelial electrical resistance
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank David Fraser (Biotech Communication SARL, Ploudalmézeau, France) for copy editing assistance. The authors also wish to thank Cosucra for kindly providing the inulin used in this project.
Funding
This study is supported by the French Ministry of Research and Higher Education through MR’s postgraduate fellowship. They thank the Picardy Regional Council for providing funding.
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HKC, FD, and VB designed the research program; HKC and FD conceived and designed the SHIME® and cell-based experiments, respectively; DOGA, MR, and LR performed the experiments and assays; DOGA, MR, and VB analyzed the data; SD contributed materials and analytical tools for the SHIME®; MR, DOGA, FD, and HKC wrote, evaluated, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Réquilé, M., Gonzàlez Alvarez, D.O., Delanaud, S. et al. Use of a combination of in vitro models to investigate the impact of chlorpyrifos and inulin on the intestinal microbiota and the permeability of the intestinal mucosa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 22529–22540 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2332-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2332-4