Abstract
Mesoporous phosphorous-doped TiO2 (TP) with different wt% of P (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) was synthetized by microwave-assisted sol–gel method. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD with cell parameters refinement approach, Raman, BET-specific surface area analysis, SEM, ICP-OES, UV–Vis with diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence, FTIR, and XPS. The photocatalytic activity under visible light was evaluated on the degradation of sulfamethazine (SMTZ) at pH 8. The characterization of the phosphorous materials (TP) showed that incorporation of P in the lattice of TiO2 stabilizes the anatase crystalline phase, even increasing the annealing temperature. The mesoporous P-doped materials showed higher surface area and lower average crystallite size, band gap, and particle size; besides, more intense bands attributed to O–H bond were observed by FTIR analysis compared with bare TiO2. The P was substitutionally incorporated in the TiO2 lattice network as P5+ replacing Ti4+ to form Ti–O–P bonds and additionally present as PO43− on the TiO2 surface. All these characteristics explain the observed superior photocatalytic activity on degradation (100%) and mineralization (32%) of SMTZ under visible radiation by TP catalysts, especially for P-doped TiO2 1.0 wt% calcined at 450 °C (TP1.0-450). Ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions released during the photocatalytic degradation were quantified by ion chromatography; the nitrogen and sulfur mass balance evidenced the partial mineralization of this recalcitrant molecule.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akpan U, Hameed B (2009) Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J Hazard Mater 170:520–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.039
Ansari S, Cho M (2016) Highly visible light responsive, narrow band gap TiO2 nanoparticles modified by elemental red phosphorus for photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical applications. Sci Rep 6:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25405
Babić S, Zrnčić M, Ljubas D (2015) Photolytic and thin TiO2 film assisted photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethazine in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11372–11386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4338-5
Bahadur S, Bera S, Lee D (2013) Design of visible-light photocatalysts by coupling of narrow bandgap semiconductors and TiO2: effect of their relative energy band positions on the photocatalytic efficiency. Catal Sci Technol 3:1822–1830. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cy00004d
Batt A, Snow D, Aga D (2006) Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA. Chemosphere 64:1963–1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.029
Ben W, Qiang Z, Yin X (2014) Adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine in an activated sludge process treating swine wastewater. J Environ Sci 26:1623–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.002
Cervantes M (2012) Diseño y síntesis de materiales a “medida” mediante el método sol-gel, UNED
Chen J, Shunchen Q, Yuexiang Z, Youchang X (2011) Phosphorous-modified TiO2 with excellent thermal stability and its application to the degradation of pollutants in water. Chin J Catal 32:1173–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(10)60229-X
Devi L, Kavitha R (2013) A review on non metal ion doped titania for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under UV/solar light: role of photogenerated charge carrier dynamics in enhancing the activity. Appl Catal B Environ 140–141:559–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.035
Elghniji K, Soro J, Rossignol S, Ksibi M (2012) A simple route for the preparation of P-modified TiO2: effect of phosphorus on thermal stability and photocatalytic activity. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.06.011
Ermokhina N, Nevinskiy V, Manorik P (2013) Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable large-pore mesoporous nanocrystalline anatase. J Solid State Chem 200:90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2012.12.034
Fan Y, Ji Y, Kong D (2015) Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the degradation of sulfamethazine in heat-activated persulfate oxidation process. J Hazard Mater 300:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.058
García M, Villagrasa M, Díaz M, Barceló D (2010) LC-QqLIT MS analysis of nine sulfonamides and one of their acetylated metabolites in the Llobregat River basin. Quantitative determination and qualitative evaluation by IDA experiments. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:1325–1334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3630-y
Gopal N, Lo H, Ke T (2012) Visible light active phosphorus-doped TiO2 nanoparticles: an EPR evidence for the enhanced charge separation. J Phys Chem C 116:16191–16197. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp212346f
Guo S, Wang F, Sun J (2010) Marked enhancement of photocatalytic activity of P-doped TiO2 with hydrothermal method. Adv Mater Res 113–116:2150–2215. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.113-116.2150
Guo C, Xu J, Wang S (2013) Photodegradation of sulfamethazine in an aqueous solution by a bismuth molybdate photocatalyst. Catal Sci Technol 3:160. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cy20811g
Hsuan-Fu Y (2007) Photocatalytic abilities of gel-derived P-doped TiO2. J Phys Chem Solids 68:600–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.01.050
Iwase M, Yamada K, Kurisaki T (2013a) A study on the active sites for visible-light photocatalytic activity of phosphorus-doped titanium (IV) oxide particles prepared using a phosphide compound. Appl Catal B Environ 141:327–332
Iwase M, Yamada K, Kurisaki T (2013b) Visible-light photocatalysis with phosphorus-doped titanium (IV) oxide particles prepared using a phosphide compound. Appl Catal B Environ 132–133:39–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.11.014
Kaniou S, Pitarakis K, Barlagianni I, Poulios I (2005) Photocatalytic oxidation of sulfamethazine. Chemosphere 60:372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.069
Kesong Y, Ying D, Baibiao H (2007) Understanding photocatalytic activity of S- and P-doped TiO2 under visible light from first-principles. J Phys Chem C 51:18985–18994
Körösi L, Papp S, Bertóti I, Dékány I (2007) Surface and bulk composition, structure, and photocatalytic activity of phosphate-modified TiO2. Chem Mater 19:4811–4819. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm070692r
Kuo C, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y (2015) Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorus-doped TiO2 immobilized bed for the photodegradation of bisphenol A under UV and sunlight irradiation. React Kinet Mech Catal 114:753–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-014-0783-2
Lertpaitoonpan W, Ong S, Moorman T (2009) Effect of organic carbon and pH on soil sorption of sulfamethazine. Chemosphere 76:558–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.066
Li F, Jiang Y, Xia M (2009) Effect of the P/Ti ratio on the visible-light photocatalytic activity of P-doped TiO2. J Phys Chem 113:18134–18141
Lin L, Zheng R, Xie J (2007) Synthesis and characterization of phosphor and nitrogen co-doped titania. Appl Catal B Environ 76:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.05.023
Liu Y, Wang J (2013) Degradation of sulfamethazine by gamma irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. J Hazard Mater 250–251:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.050
Lv Y, Yu L, Huang H (2009) Preparation, characterization of P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their excellent photocatalystic properties under the solar light irradiation. J Alloys Compd 488:314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.08.116
Ma L, Jia I, Guo X, Xiang L (2014) Current status and perspective of rare earth catalytic materials and catalysis. Chin J Catal 35:108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872
Martinez J (2009) Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ Pollut 157:2893–2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.051
Mendiola S, Guzmán J, Turnes G, Maya A, Hernández A, Hinojosa L (2017) UV and visible activation of Cr(III)-doped TiO2 catalyst prepared by a microwave-assisted sol–gel method during MCPA degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:12673–12682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8034-x
Miranda N, Suárez S, Maldonado M (2014) Regeneration approaches for TiO2 immobilized photocatalyst used in the elimination of emerging contaminants in water. Catal Today 230:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.048
Mohamed R, Aazam E (2013) Synthesis and characterization of P-doped TiO2 thin-films for photocatalytic degradation of butyl benzyl phthalate under visible-light irradiation. Chin J Catal 34:1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(12)60572-5
Niu J, Lu P, Kang M (2014) P-doped TiO2 with superior visible-light activity prepared by rapid microwave hydrothermal method. Appl Surf Sci 319:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.048
Shi Q, Yang D, Jiang Z, Li J (2006) Visible-light photocatalytic regeneration of NADH using P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.06.005
Sotelo C, Noor N, Kafizas A (2015) Multifunctional P-doped TiO2 films: a new approach to self-cleaning, transparent conducting oxide materials. Chem Mater 27:3234–3242. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm504734a
Tongon W, Chawengkijwanich C, Chiarakorn S (2014) Visible light responsive Ag/TiO2/MCM-41 nanocomposite films synthesized by a microwave assisted sol-gel technique. Superlattice Microst 69:108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.02.003
Tzeng T, Wang S, Chen C (2016) Photolysis and photocatalytic decomposition of sulfamethazine antibiotics in an aqueous solution with TiO2. RSC Adv 6:69301–69310. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA13435A
Wang S, Zhou S (2011) Photodegradation of methyl orange by photocatalyst of CNTs/P-TiO2 under UV and visible-light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 185:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.125
Xia Y, Jiang Y, Li F (2014) Effect of calcined atmosphere on the photocatalytic activity of P-doped TiO2. Appl Surf Sci 289:306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.10.157
Yap P, Cheah Y, Srinivasan M, Lim T (2012) Bimodal N-doped P25-TiO2/AC composite: preparation, characterization, physical stability, and synergistic adsorptive-solar photocatalytic removal of sulfamethazine. Appl Catal A Gen 427–428:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.042
Yu J, Zhang L, Zheng Z, Zhao J (2003) Synthesis and characterization of phosphated mesoporous titanium dioxide with high photocatalytic activity. Chem Mater 15:2280–2286. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0340781
Yu J, Xiang Q, Zhou M (2009) Preparation, characterization and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped titania nanorods and first-principles study for electronic structures. Appl Catal B Environ 90:595–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.04.021
Zhang Y, Fu W, Yang H (2009) Synthesis and characterization of P-doped TiO2 nanotubes. 518:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.06.051
Zhao D, Chen C, Wang Y (2008) Surface modification of TiO2 by phosphate: effect on photocatalytic activity and mechanism implication. J Phys Chem C 112:5993–6001. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp712049c
Zhu Y, Zheng R, Lin L (2008) State of phosphor and its influence on the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of P-doped titania. J Phys Chem C 112:15502–15509
Acknowledgements
Mendiola-Alvarez thanks the CONACYT for her doctorate scholarship.
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from PAICYT UANL and Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UANL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 454 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mendiola-Alvarez, S.Y., Hernández-Ramírez, M.A., Guzmán-Mar, J.L. et al. Phosphorous-doped TiO2 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and visible photocatalytic evaluation on sulfamethazine degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 4180–4191 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2314-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2314-6