Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the degradation of fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) via photo-Fenton reactions in artificially and solar irradiated photoreactors at laboratory scale and in a semi-pilot scale Raceway Pond Reactor (RPR), respectively. Acute toxicity was monitored by assessing the sensibility of bioluminescent bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri) to samples taken during reactions. In addition, by-products formed during solar photo-Fenton were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS). For tests performed in lab-scale, two artificial irradiation sources were compared (UVλ > 254nm and UV-Visλ > 320nm). A complete design of experiments was performed in the semi-pilot scale RPR in order to optimize reaction conditions (Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations, and water depth). Efficient degradation of carbendazim (> 96%) and toxicity removal were achieved via artificially irradiated photo-Fenton under both irradiation sources. Control experiments (UV photolysis and UV-Vis peroxidation) were also efficient but led to increased acute toxicity. In addition, H2O2/UVλ > 254nm required longer reaction time (60 minutes) when compared to the photo-Fenton process (less than 1 min). While Fenton’s reagent achieved high CBZ and acute toxicity removal, its efficiency demands higher concentration of reagents in comparison to irradiated processes. Solar photo-Fenton removed carbendazim within 15 min of reaction (96%, 0.75 kJ L−1), and monocarbomethoxyguanidine, benzimidazole isocyanate, and 2-aminobenzimidazole were identified as transformation products. Results suggest that both solar photo-Fenton and artificially irradiated systems are promising routes for carbendazim degradation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arzate S, García Sánchez JL, Soriano-Molina P, Casas López JL, Campos-Mañas MC, Agüera A, Sánchez Pérez JA (2017) Effect of residence time on micropollutant removal in WWTP secondary effluents by continuous solar photo-Fenton process in raceway pond reactors. Chem Eng J 316:1114–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.089
Behnajady MA, Modirshahla N, Ghanbary F (2007) A kinetic model for the decolorization of C.I. Acid yellow 23 by Fenton process. J Hazard Mater 148:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.003
Bojanowska-Czajka A, Nichipor H, Drzewicz P, Szostek B, Gałęzowska A, Męczyńska S, Kruszewski M, Zimek Z, Nałęcz-Jawecki G, Trojanowicz M (2011) Radiolytic decomposition of pesticide carbendazim in waters and wastes for environmental protection. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 289:303–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1104-0
Bottrel SEC, Amorim CC, Leão MMD, Costa EP, Lacerda IA (2014) Degradation of ethylenethiourea pesticide metabolite from water by photocatalytic processes. J Environ Sci Health B 49:263–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2014.868280
Boudina A, Emmelin C, Baaliouamer A, Grenier-Loustalot MF, Chovelon JM (2003) Photochemical behaviour of carbendazim in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 50:649–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00620-3
Burkhardt M, Kupper T, Hean S, et al (2007) Release of biocides from urban areas into aquatic systems. 6th Int Conf NOVATECH 1483–1489
Carra I, Santos-Juanes L, Acién Fernández FG, Malato S, Sánchez Pérez JA (2014) New approach to solar photo-Fenton operation. Raceway ponds as tertiary treatment technology. J Hazard Mater 279:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.010
Carra I, Sirtori C, Ponce-Robles L, Sánchez Pérez JA, Malato S, Agüera A (2015) Degradation and monitoring of acetamiprid, thiabendazole and their transformation products in an agro-food industry effluent during solar photo-Fenton treatment in a raceway pond reactor. Chemosphere 130:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.001
Chavaco LC, Arcos CA, Prato-Garcia D (2017) Decolorization of reactive dyes in solar pond reactors: perspectives and challenges for the textile industry. J Environ Manag 198:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.077
Chisti Y (2016) Algae biotechnology. In: Bux F, Chisti Y (eds) Algae biotechnology, green energy and technology. Springer, Cham, pp 21–40
Dujaković N, Grujić S, Radišić M, Vasiljević T, Laušević M (2010) Determination of pesticides in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 678:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.016
IBAMA (2016) Relatórios de comercialização de agrotóxicos. http://www.ibama.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=594&Itemid=515. Accessed 15 Jan 2017
IUPAC (2016) Carbendazim. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/116.htm. Accessed 15 Jan 2017
Jornet D, Angeles Castillo M, Consuelo Sabater M et al (2013) Photodegradation of carbendazim sensitized by aromatic ketones. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 256:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.02.004
Kaur T, Toor AP, Wanchoo RK (2014) Parametric study on degradation of fungicide carbendazim in dilute aqueous solutions using nano TiO2. Desalin Water Treat 3994:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.879081
Kaur T, Sraw A, Toor AP, Wanchoo RK (2016) Utilization of solar energy for the degradation of carbendazim and propiconazole by Fe doped TiO2. Sol Energy 125:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.12.001
Kaur T, Sraw A, Wanchoo RK, Toor AP (2018) Solar assisted degradation of carbendazim in water using clay beads immobilized with TiO 2 & Fe doped TiO 2. Sol Energy 162:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.033
Kupper T, Plagellat C, Brändli RC, de Alencastro LF, Grandjean D, Tarradellas J (2006) Fate and removal of polycyclic musks, UV filters and biocides during wastewater treatment. Water Res 40:2603–2612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.012
Litter MI, Candal RJ, Meichtry JM (eds) (2013) Advanced oxidation technologies—sustainable solutions for environmental treatments. CRC Press, Leiden
Loewy M, Kirs V, Carvajal G et al (1999) Groundwater contamination by azinphos methyl in the Northern Patagonic Region (Argentina). Sci Total Environ 225:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00365-9
Loos R, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Canuti E, Weissteiner C (2013) Analysis of polar organic contaminants in surface water of the northern Adriatic Sea by solid-phase extraction followed by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-QTRAP® MS using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap instrument. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:5875–5885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6944-8
Lunak S, Sedlak P (1992) Photoinitiated reactions of hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 68:1–33
Malato S, Fernandez-Ibanez P, Maldonado MI et al (2009) Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal Today 147:1–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.018
Manenti DR, Soares PA, Silva TFCV, Módenes AN, Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Bergamasco R, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP (2015) Performance evaluation of different solar advanced oxidation processes applied to the treatment of a real textile dyeing wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:833–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2767-1
Marcelino RBP, Queiroz MTA, Amorim CC, Leão MMD, Brites-Nóbrega FF (2014) Solar energy for wastewater treatment: review of international technologies and their applicability in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:762–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3033-2
Mazellier P, Leroy E, Legube B (2002) Photochemical behavior of the fungicide carbendazim in dilute aqueous-solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 153:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00296-4
Mazellier P, Leroy É, De Laat J, Legube B (2003) Degradation of carbendazim by UV/H2O2 investigated by kinetic modelling. Environ Chem Lett 1:68–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-002-0010-7
Montagner CC, Vidal C, Acayaba RD, Jardim WF, Jardim ICSF, Umbuzeiro GA (2014) Trace analysis of pesticides and an assessment of their occurrence in surface and drinking waters from the state of São Paulo (Brazil). Anal Methods 6:6668–6677. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY00782D
Montalti M, Credi A, Prodi L, Gandolfi MT (2006) Chemical actinometry. In: Montalti M, Credi A, Prodi L, Gandolfi MT (eds) Handbook of photochemistry, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 601–616
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2016) PubChem BioAssay Database; AID=1224879. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1224879. Accessed 22 Jan 2018
Nogueira RFP, Oliveira MC, Paterlini W (2005) Simple and fast spectrophotometric determination of H2O2 in photo-Fenton reactions using metavanadate. Talanta 66:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.10.001
Panadés R, Ibarz A, Esplugas S (2000) Photodecomposition of CARBENDAZIM in aqueous solutions. Water Res 34:2951–2954
Rabiet M, Margoum C, Gouy V, Carluer N, Coquery M (2010) Assessing pesticide concentrations and fluxes in the stream of a small vineyard catchment—effect of sampling frequency. Environ Pollut 158:737–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.014
Rajeswari R, Kanmani S (2009) TiO 2-based heterogeneous photocatalytic water treatment combined with ozonation. Iran J Environ Heal Sci Eng 6:61–66
Rajeswari R, Kanmani S (2010) Comparative study on photocatalytic oxidation and photolytic ozonation for the degradation of pesticide wastewaters. Desalin Water Treat 19:301–306. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1495
Ribeiro ACA, Dores EFG d C, Amorim RSS, Lourencetti C (2013) Resíduos de pesticidas em águas superficiais de área de nascente do rio São Lourenço - MT: validação de método por extração em fase sólida e cromatografia líquida. Quim Nova 36:284–290
Rivas G, Carra I, García Sánchez JL, Casas López JL, Malato S, Sánchez Pérez JA (2015) Modelling of the operation of raceway pond reactors for micropollutant removal by solar photo-Fenton as a function of photon absorption. Appl Catal B Environ 178:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.015
Saien J, Khezrianjoo S (2008) Degradation of the fungicide carbendazim in aqueous solutions with UV/TiO2 process: optimization, kinetics and toxicity studies. J Hazard Mater 157:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.094
Spasiano D, Marotta R, Malato S, Fernandez-Ibañez P, di Somma I (2015) Solar photocatalysis: materials, reactors, some commercial, and pre-industrialized applications. A comprehensive approach. Appl Catal B Environ 170–171:90–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.12.050
Starling MCVM, dos Santos PHR, de Souza FAR, Oliveira SC, Leão MMD, Amorim CC (2017) Application of solar photo-Fenton toward toxicity removal and textile wastewater reuse. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:12515–12528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7395-5
Vilar VJP, Pinho LX, Pintor AMA, Boaventura RAR (2011) Treatment of textile wastewaters by solar-driven advanced oxidation processes. Sol Energy 85:1927–1934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.04.033
Xiao Z, Wang M, Lu JR (2011) Degradation of fungicide carbendazim in aqueous solution by sonolytic ozonation. 2011 Int. Conf. Remote Sensing, Environ. Transp. Eng. RSETE 2011 - Proc. 8166–8169
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Vítor Pais Vilar
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 175 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Costa, E.P., Bottrel, S.E.C., Starling, M.C.V.M. et al. Degradation of carbendazim in water via photo-Fenton in Raceway Pond Reactor: assessment of acute toxicity and transformation products. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 4324–4336 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2130-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2130-z