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The effect of simulated acid rain on the stabilization of cadmium in contaminated agricultural soils treated with stabilizing agents

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Abstract

Stabilization technology is one of widely used remediation technologies for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated agricultural soils, but stabilized Cd in soil may be activated again when external conditions such as acid rain occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of acid rain on the performance of different stabilizing agents on Cd-polluted agriculture soils. In this study, Cd-contaminated soils were treated with mono-calcium phosphate (MCP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and artificial zeolite (AZ) respectively and incubated 3 months. These treatments were followed by two types of simulated acid rain (sulfuric acid rain and mixed acid rain) with three levels of acidity (pH = 3.0, 4.0, and 5.6). The chemical forms of Cd in the soils were determined by Tessier’s sequential extraction procedure, and the leaching toxicities of Cd in the soils were assessed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The results show that the three stabilizing agents could decrease the mobility of Cd in soil to some degree with or without simulated acid rain (SAR) treatment. The stabilization performances followed the order of AZ < MAP < MCP. Acid rain soaking promoted the activation of Cd in stabilized soil, and both anion composition and pH of acid rain were two important factors that influenced the stabilization effect of Cd.

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Abbreviations

Cd:

Cadmium

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

SAR:

Simulated acid rain

SSAR:

Simulated sulfuric acid rain

SMAR:

Simulated mixed acid rain

SOM:

Soil organic matter

CCE:

Calcium carbonate equivalent

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

MCP:

Mono-calcium phosphate

MAP:

Mono-ammonium phosphate

AZ:

Artificial zeolite

CK:

Controls

TCLP:

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

US EPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

LSD:

Least significant difference

CdEx :

Exchangeable Cd

CdCar :

Cd bound to carbonates

CdFeOx + MnOy :

Cd bound to iron and manganese oxides

CdOM :

Cd bound to organic matter

CdRes :

Residual Cd

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded, in part, by a project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41001315) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Chongqing City (Grant no. 2014cstc-jbky-01602, 2015cstc-jcyj-01601). The authors are very grateful to Professor Budiman Minasny of the University of Sydney for their comments to this manuscript. We also extend great appreciation to three anonymous reviewers and the editor of Environmental Science and Pollution Research for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Hao Zhu & Chunfa Wu

  2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Hao Zhu

  3. Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China

    Jun Wang

  4. Taicang Soil and Fertilizer Station, Taicang, 215400, China

    Xumei Zhang

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  1. Hao Zhu
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  2. Chunfa Wu
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  3. Jun Wang
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Correspondence to Chunfa Wu.

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We are the authors of the manuscript entitled “The effect of simulated acid rain on the stabilization of cadmium in contaminated agricultural soils treated with stabilizing agents”, and declared no conflict of interest.

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Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu

Highlights

• Acid rain promotes chemical transformations and leachability of Cd in contaminated stabilized soils.

• Anion composition and pH of acid rain influenced the stabilization effect of soil Cd.

• Mono-calcium phosphate had a better stabilization performance for soils in acid rain area.

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Zhu, H., Wu, C., Wang, J. et al. The effect of simulated acid rain on the stabilization of cadmium in contaminated agricultural soils treated with stabilizing agents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 17499–17508 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1929-y

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