Abstract
Carbamazepine and diclofenac are two examples of drugs with widespread geographical and environmental media proliferation that are poorly removed by traditional wastewater treatment processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been proposed as alternative methods to remove these compounds in solution. AOPs are based on a wide class of powerful technologies, including UV radiation, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, Fenton process, catalytic wet peroxide oxidation, heterogeneous photocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation and their combinations, sonolysis, and microwaves applicable to both water and wastewater. Moreover, processes rely on the production of oxidizing radicals (•OH and others) in a solution to decompose present pollutants. Water radiolysis-based processes, which are an alternative to the former, involve the use of concentrated energy (beams of accelerated electrons or γ-rays) to split water molecules, generating strong oxidants and reductants (radicals) at the same time. In this paper, the degradation of carbamazepine and diclofenac by means of all these processes is discussed and compared. Energy and byproduct generation issues are also addressed.
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Abbreviations
- AOP:
-
advanced oxidation process
- AORPs:
-
advanced oxidation–reduction processes
- BCR:
-
biomass concentrator reactor
- BDD:
-
boron-doped diamond
- CBZ:
-
carbamazepine
- CEC:
-
contaminants of emerging concern
- COD:
-
chemical oxygen demand
- DBP:
-
disinfection byproduct
- DCF:
-
diclofenac
- EB:
-
electron beam
- EEO:
-
electrical energy per order
- GAC:
-
granular activated carbon
- LC/MS:
-
liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection
- MBR:
-
membrane biological reactor
- NOM:
-
natural organic matter
- 4′-OHD:
-
4′-hydroxy diclofenac
- 5-OHD:
-
5-hydroxy diclofenac
- 4′-OHDD:
-
4′-hydroxy diclofenac dehydrate
- PNEC:
-
predicted non-effect concentrations
- PPCPs:
-
pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- SRT:
-
sludge retention time
- TOC:
-
total organic carbon
- WWTP:
-
wastewater treatment plant
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This work was partly supported by a grant from the Polish National Center of Science (NCN); project OPUS 8, number 2014/15/B/ST4/04601.
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Capodaglio, A.G., Bojanowska-Czajka, A. & Trojanowicz, M. Comparison of different advanced degradation processes for the removal of the pharmaceutical compounds diclofenac and carbamazepine from liquid solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 27704–27723 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1913-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1913-6