Abstract
Theoretically, agriculture can be the victim and the cause of climate change. Using annual data for the period of 1970–2014, this study examines the interaction between agriculture technology factors and the environment in terms of carbon emissions in Jordan. The results provide evidence for unidirectional causality running from machinery, subsidies, and other transfers, rural access to an improved water source and fertilizers to carbon emissions. The results also reveal the existence of bidirectional causality between the real income and carbon emissions. The variance error decompositions highlight the importance of subsidies and machinery in explaining carbon emissions. They also show that fertilizers, the crop and livestock production, the land under cereal production, the water access, the agricultural value added, and the real income have an increasing effect on carbon emissions over the forecast period. These results are important so that policy-makers can build up strategies and take in considerations the indicators in order to reduce carbon emissions in Jordan.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Jordan is highly dependent on fossil fuel in producing electricity (Holtz and Fink, 2015).
References
Acemoglu D, Aghion P, Bursztyn L, Hemous D (2012) The environment and directed technical change. Am Econ Rev 102(1):131–166. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.131
Arapatsakos CI, Gemtos TA (2008) Tractor engine and gas emissions. WSEAS Trans Environ Dev 4:897–906
Ben Jebli M, Ben Youssef S (2015) The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO2 emissions: evidence for North Africa countries. MPRA No 68477
Buragiene S, Sarauskis E, Romaneckas K, Sakalauskas A, Uzupis A, Katkevicius E (2011) Soil temperature and gas (CO2 and O2) emissions from soil under different tillage machinery systems. J Food, Agric Environ 9:480–485
Busche D, Hayek B (2015) Energy efficiency in water pumping in Jordan. German-Jordanian water portfolio, 3rd Arab water week
Cleveland CJ (1995) The direct and indirect use of fossil fuels and electricity in USA agriculture, 1910–1990. Agric Ecosyst Environ 55(2):111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(95)00615-Y
Directorate-General for Internal Policies (2014) Measures at farm level to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliament
Dolsak N (2009) Climate change policy implication: a cross sectional analysis. Rev Policy Res 26(5):551–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00405.x
Elliott G, Rothenberg T, Stock JH (1996) Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica 64:813–836
Holtz G, Fink T (2015) Analyzing the transition of Jordan’s electricity system: underpinning transition path ways with mechanism. Paper presented at international sustainability transition conference 2015, Brighton, UK
Johansen S (1988) Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. J Econ Dyn Control 12(2-3):231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
Johansen S (1991) Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica 59(6):1551–1580. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
Karkacier O, Goktolga ZG, Cicek A (2006) A regression analysis of the effect of energy use in agriculture. Energy Policy 34(18):3796–3800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.09.001
Kennedy S (2000) Energy use in American agriculture. Available at: http://web.mit.edu/10.391J/www/proceedings/Agriculture_Kennedy2000.pdf
Kroll S, Shogren JF (2008) Domestic politics and climate change: international public goods in two-level games. Camb Rev Int Aff 21(4):563–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570802452904
Kwiatkowski D, Phillips PCB, Schmidt P, Shin Y (1992) Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. J Econ 54(1-3):159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
Lütkepohl H (2005) New introduction to multiple time series analysis. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27752-1
MacKinnon JG (1991) Critical values for cointegration tests. In: Engle RF, Granger CWJ (eds) Long-run economic relationships: readings in Cointegration, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 267–277
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2016a) National water strategy of Jordan 2016–2025
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2016b) Energy efficiency and renewable energy policy
NRDC (2006) Agency cowed by factory farm lobby: shirking responsibility to protect public health. https://www.nrdc.org/media/2006/060622-1
Pellerin S, Bamière L, Anger D, Béline F, Benoît M, Butault JP, Chenu C, Colnenne-David C, de Cara S, Delame N, Doreau M, Dupraz P, Faverdin P, Garcia-Launay F, Hassouna M, Hénault C, Jeuffroy MH, Klumpp K, Metay A, Moran D, Recous S, Samson E, Savini I, Pardon L (2013) Quelle contribution de l'agriculture française à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre? Potentiel d'atténuation et coût de dix actions techniques. Synthèse du rapport d'étude, INRA (France), p. 92
Perron P (1989) The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57(6):1361–1401. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913712
Phillips PCB, Ouliaris S (1990) Asymptotic properties of residual based tests for cointegration. Econometrica 58(1):165–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938339
Popp D, Newell RG, Jaffe AB (2009) Energy, the environment and technological change. NBER working paper no. 14832
Rádics JP, Jóri IJ, Fenyvesi L (2014) Soil CO2 emission induced by tillage machines. Int J Appl Sci Technol 4:37–44
Rajaniemi M, Mikkola H, Ahokas J (2011) Greenhouse gas emissions from oats, barley, wheat and rye production. Agron Res Biosyst Eng Spec Issue 1:189–195
Šarauskis E, Buragienė S, Masilionytė L, Romaneckas K, Avižienytė D, Sakalauskas A (2014) Energy balance, costs and CO2 analysis of tillage technologies in maize cultivation. Energy 69:227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.090
Seebauer M (2014) Whole farm quantification of GHG emissions within smallholder farms in developing countries. Environ Res Lett 9:1–13
Silva-Olaya AM, Cerri CEP, La Scala N, Dias CTS, Cerri CC (2013) Carbon dioxide emissions under different soil tillage systems in mechanically harvested sugarcane. Environ Res Lett 8, 8(1)
Soni P, Taewichit C, Salokhe VM (2013) Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in rainfed agricultural production systems of northeast Thailand. Agric Syst 116:25–36
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2014) Jordan’s third national communication on climate change. UNDP
Toda HY, Yamamoto T (1995) Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. J Econ 66(1-2):225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
Turkekul B, Unakitan G (2011) A co-integration analysis of the price and income elasticities of energy demand in Turkish agriculture. Energy Policy 39(5):2416–2423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.064
Valin H, Havlik P, Mosnier A, Herrero M, Schmid E. Obersteiner M (2013) Agricultural productivity and greenhouse gas emissions: trade-offs or synergies between mitigation and food security? Environ Res Lett 8: 1–9
West TO, McBride AC (2005) The contribution of agricultural lime to carbon dioxide emissions in the United States: dissolution, transport, and net emissions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 108(2):145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.01.002
World Bank (2015) World development indicators—2015. World Bank, Washington D.C. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0440-3
World Resources Institute Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (WRI CAIT) (2016) Greenhouse gas emissions in Jordan. USAID
Zivot E, Andrews D (1992) Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. J Bus Econ Stat 10:251–270
Zou X, Li Y, Li K, Cremades R, Gao Q, Wan Y, Quin X (2015) Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural irrigation in China. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 20(2):295–315
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees whose helpful contributions have improved upon the quality of the paper. Thanks are also due to the participants of the Seconds Meetings on Economic and Quantitative Analysis: Sustainable Development Goals (Hammamet, 2016) for providing comments on earlier drafts of this article. The Financial support by the LABEX MME-DII is also gratefully acknowledged. Errors and omissions, if any, are our own.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ismael, M., Srouji, F. & Boutabba, M.A. Agricultural technologies and carbon emissions: evidence from Jordanian economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 10867–10877 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1327-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1327-5