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Environmental exposure to cadmium—a risk for health of the general population in industrialized countries and preventive strategies

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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal belonging to the group of the main chemical pollutants of the natural and occupational environment in economically developed countries. The forecasts indicate that contamination of the environment with this toxic metal, and thus the exposure of the general population, will increase. Food (particularly plant products) is the main source of the general population exposure to this element. Moreover, an important, and often the main, source of intoxication with Cd is habitual tobacco smoking. Recent epidemiological studies have provided numerous evidence that even low-level environmental exposure to this toxic metal, nowadays occurring in numerous economically developed countries, creates a risk for health of the general population. The low-level lifetime exposure to this metal may lead to the damage to the kidneys, liver, skeletal system, and cardiovascular system, as well as to the deterioration of the sight and hearing. Moreover, it has been suggested that environmental exposure to this xenobiotic may contribute to the development of cancer of the lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, urinary bladder, and nasopharynx. Taking the above into account, the aim of this review article is to draw more attention to Cd as an environmental risk factor for the health of the general population and the need to undertake preventive actions allowing to reduce the risk of health damage due to a lifetime exposure to this toxic metal.

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Abbreviations

AMD:

Age-related macular degeneration

α1-MG:

α1-Microglobulin

BMD:

Bone mineral density

β2-MG:

β2-Microglobulin

CAT:

Catalase

Cd:

Cadmium

Cd-MT:

Complexes of cadmium with metallothionein

CI:

Confidence interval

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

GM:

Geometric mean

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSD:

Geometric standard deviation

MT:

Metallothionein

NAG:

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase

OR:

Odds ratio

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

PTMI:

Provisional tolerable monthly intake

PTWI:

Provisional tolerable weekly intake

RBP:

Retinol binding protein

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RR:

Rate ratio

SD:

Standard deviation

-SH groups:

Sulfhydryl groups

sRANKL:

Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-кB ligand

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TWI:

Tolerable weekly intake

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland

    Magdalena Mezynska & Malgorzata M. Brzóska

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Mezynska, M., Brzóska, M.M. Environmental exposure to cadmium—a risk for health of the general population in industrialized countries and preventive strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 3211–3232 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0827-z

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