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Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus with little non-target effects on larvivorous fishes

  • Plant-borne compounds and nanoparticles: challenges for medicine, parasitology and entomology
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Abstract

The control of filariasis vectors has been enhanced in several areas, but there are main challenges, including increasing resistance to insecticides and lack of cheap and eco-friendly products. The toxicity of iron (Fe0) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles has been scarcely investigated yet. We studied the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Fe0 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles against Culex quinquefasciatus. Fe0 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles produced by green (using a Ficus natalensis aqueous extract) and chemical nanosynthesis, respectively, were analyzed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, SEM, and EDX assays. In larvicidal and pupicidal experiments on Cx. quinquefasciatus, LC50 of Fe0 nanoparticles ranged from 20.9 (I instar larvae) to 43.7 ppm (pupae) and from 4.5 (I) to 22.1 ppm (pupae) for Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized chemically. Furthermore, the predation efficiency of the guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata, after a single treatment with sub-lethal doses of Fe0 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles was magnified. Overall, this work provides new insights about the toxicity of Fe0 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles against mosquito vectors; we suggested that green and chemical fabricated nano-iron may be considered to develop novel and effective pesticides.

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Acknowledgements

Four anonymous reviewers improved an earlier version of our work. The authors are grateful to the Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University for the laboratory facilities providing for this experiment. D. Dinesh is grateful to the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship, University Grant Commissions, New Delhi, India for the financial support. Project File No. F1­17.1/2016­17/RGNF­2015­17­SC­TAM­27906/ (SA­III/Website).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan, Devakumar Dinesh, Jayapal Subramaniam & Pandiyan Amuthavalli

  2. Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  3. Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Devaraj Nataraj & Kulandhaivel Palani Thiruppathi

  4. Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India

    Jayapal Subramaniam

  5. Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632115, India

    Jagannathan Madhavan

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632115, India

    Aruliah Rajasekar

  7. Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India

    Mariappan Rajan

  8. Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Suresh Kumar

  9. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan

    Akon Higuchi

  10. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  11. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

  12. The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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  1. Kadarkarai Murugan
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  2. Devakumar Dinesh
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Correspondence to Kadarkarai Murugan or Giovanni Benelli.

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Murugan, K., Dinesh, D., Nataraj, D. et al. Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus with little non-target effects on larvivorous fishes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 10504–10514 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0313-7

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