Abstract
The availability of nearly complete moso bamboo genome sequences permits the detailed discovery and cross-species comparison of transposable elements (TEs) between Bambusoideae and other Poaceae species at the whole genome level. Long terminal repeat retroelements (LTR-retroelements) are the single largest components of most plant genomes and can substantially impact the genome in various ways. Through a combination of structure- and homology-based approaches, we initially investigated 982 LTR-retroelement families comprising 2,004,644 LTR-retroelement sequences, which accounted for more than 40% of the moso bamboo genome. Further analysis revealed that the ratio of solo LTRs to intact elements (S/I) in moso bamboo is significantly low (approximately 0.28:1), indicating that bamboo LTR-retroelements might have undergone relatively low frequencies of unequal recombination and illegitimate recombination. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four Ty1-copia and five Ty3-gypsy evolutionary lineages that were present before the divergence of eudicot and monocot species, but the scales and timeframes within which they proliferated significantly varied across families and lineages. Insertion time estimates showed that LTR-retroelements were amplified for approximately 0~3 million years and had longer periods of activity than those of rice and Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that the expansion of LTR-retroelements might be responsible for host large genome size during moso bamboo evolution.
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Acknowledgements
We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
Authors’ contribution
M. B. Zhou—designation of the experiments, identification and classification of LTR-retroelement, and writing of paper; B. J. Hu, Y. H. Zhu—estimation of LTR-retroelement insertion date; all authors read and approved the paper.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Funding
Funding the Talents Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LR12C16001), and The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31470615 and 31270645) supported this study.
Data Archiving Statement
Genomic sequences and gene annotation information of moso bamboo presented in this report are available in the bamboo genome database (BambooGDB, http://www.bamboogdb.org/index.jsp). The plant representative elements of four lineages of Ty1-Copia (Sire, Oryco, Retrofit, and Tork) and five lineages of Ty3-Gypsy (Crm, Del, Reina, Athila, and Tat) are available in the Gypsy Database (GyDB) (http://www.gydb.org/index.php/Main_Page). All full-length sequences of Ty1-Copia and Ty3-gypsy retroelements of A. thaliana and O. sativa are available in the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) (https://www.arabidopsis.org/index.jsp) and Rice Genome Annotation Project (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/home_contacts.shtml), respectively.
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Communicated by C. Chen
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Supplementary file S1
An overview of the workflow for the identification of moso bamboo LTR-retroelements. (DOC 37 kb)
Supplementary table S2
Representative sequence of each moso bamboo LTR-retroelement family, including element sizes, LTR sizes, TSD sizes, element sequences, LTR sequences, TSD sequences, primer binding site (PBS) sequences, and polypurine tract (PPT) sequences. (XLS 377 kb)
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Zhou, M., Hu, B. & Zhu, Y. Genome-wide characterization and evolution analysis of long terminal repeat retroelements in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Tree Genetics & Genomes 13, 43 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1114-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1114-3