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Decline in gene diversity and strong genetic drift in the northward-expanding marginal populations of Fagus crenata

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Abstract

The species distribution of Fagus crenata, or Japanese beech, in the Japanese archipelago shifted northward during phytogeographical changes that occurred during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Presently, the continuous natural distribution of beech reaches north to the Kuromatsunai Depression of Hokkaido Island, Japan. In addition, dozens of marginal patches and isolated individuals north of the continuous distribution have been observed. F. crenata grows remarkably well among these small-scattered northern marginal populations, which must have originated from seeds dispersed beyond the northern limit of the continuous beech forest. It is conceivable that the distribution of F. crenata is still in the process of expanding northward. We investigated the genetic structure of 33 beech populations to evaluate the population gene diversity at the leading northern edge of the range expansion. We analyzed 12 nuclear microsatellite loci in each of the 1,693 individuals. Genetic diversity parameters such as expected heterozygosity and allelic richness were clearly lower in the northernmost populations. We found genetic differentiation in the northernmost distribution range (F ST = 0.045, G′ST = 0.242). STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the southwestern continuous populations consisted of homogeneous ancestral clusters. However, northeastern marginal populations consisted of mixtures of highly differentiated clusters with higher levels of genetic drift than found in the continuous populations.

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Acknowledgments

We thank T. Kawahara, T. Nagamitsu, M. Takahashi, and S. Goto for technical advice and discussion. Thanks are also due to T. Suzuki, K. Terazawa, M. Haruki, N. Kito, K. Uchida, Y. Honma, S. Sasaki, K. Yamanoi, Y. Sakamoto, and A. Takazawa for their assistance in the field and laboratory. We would also like to thank the alpine guides from Mountain Guide Coyote, Northland, Niseko Nature Guide Forestrek, and Alpine Guide Nomad, who provided field assistance.

Conflicts of interest

This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21580189, 23370006) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, a Grant for Environmental Research Projects from the Sumitomo Foundation (083216), a Grant for Natural Science Research from the Kuromatsunai Municipality (No. 14, 2010), and Global Environmental Research of Japan (S-8) from the Ministry of the Environment. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards

This study complied with all current relevant Japanese law.

Data archiving statement

Genotyping data has been deposited in the TreeGenes Database under accession number TGDR032.

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  1. Tetsuya Matsui

    Present address: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hokkaido Research Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8516, Japan

    Keiko Kitamura & Tetsuya Matsui

  2. Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, 1712-2 Matsuguchi, Matsunoyama, Tokamachi-shi, Niigata, 942-1411, Japan

    Makoto Kobayashi

  3. Kuromatsunai Beech Tree Museum, 512-1 Kuromatsunai, Suttsu-gun, Hokkaido, 048-0101, Japan

    Hitoshi Saitou

  4. Biological Laboratory, Sapporo Campus, Hokkaido University of Education, 5-3-1 Ainosato, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 002-8502, Japan

    Kanji Namikawa

  5. Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Yoshiaki Tsuda

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Communicated by Y. Tsumura

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Kitamura, K., Matsui, T., Kobayashi, M. et al. Decline in gene diversity and strong genetic drift in the northward-expanding marginal populations of Fagus crenata . Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 36 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0857-y

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