Abstract
The oceans and rivers remain the least explored frontiers on earth but due to frequent occurrences of disasters or calamities, the researchers have shown keen interest towards underwater monitoring. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) envisioned as an aquatic medium for variety of applications like oceanographic data collection, disaster management or prevention, assisted navigation, attack protection, and pollution monitoring. Like terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), UWSN consists of sensor nodes that collect the information and pass it to sink, however researchers have to face many challenges in executing the network in aquatic medium. Some of these challenges are mobile sensor nodes, large propagation delays, limited link capacity, and multiple message receptions. In this manuscript, broad survey of issues concerning underwater sensor networks is presented. We provide an overview of test beds, routing protocols, experimental projects, simulation platforms, tools and analysis that are available with research fraternity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tan, H. P., Diamant, R., Seah, W. K., & Waldmeyer, M. (2011). A survey of techniques and challenges in underwater localization. Ocean Engineering, 38(14), 1663–1676.
Gkikopouli, A., Nikolakopoulos, G., & Manesis, S. (2012, July). A survey on underwater wireless sensor networks and applications. In 20th Mediterranean conference on control & automation (MED) (pp. 1147–1154).
Partan, J., Kurose, J., & Levine, B. N. (2007). A survey of practical issues in underwater networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 11(4), 23–33.
Ayaz, M., Baig, I., Abdullah, A., & Faye, I. (2011). A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(6), 1908–1927.
Jiang, Z. (2008). Underwater acoustic networks–issues and solutions. International Journal of Intelligent Control and Systems, 13(3), 152–161.
Ayaz, M., & Abdullah, A. (2009, December). Underwater wireless sensor networks: Routing issues and future challenges. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on advances in mobile computing and multimedia (pp. 370–375).
Han, G., Jiang, J., Shu, L., Xu, Y., & Wang, F. (2012). Localization algorithms of underwater wireless sensor networks: A survey. Sensors, 12(2), 2026–2061.
Ovaliadis, K., Savage, N., & Kanakaris, V. (2010). Energy efficiency in underwater sensor networks: A research review. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review (JESTR), 3(1), 151–156.
Cui, J. H., Kong, J., Gerla, M., & Zhou, S. (2006). The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications. IEEE Network, 20(3), 12–18.
Akyildiz, I. F., Pompili, D., & Melodia, T. (2005). Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 3(3), 257–279.
Ma, J., Qian, C., Zhang, Q., & Ni, L. M. (2008, September). Opportunistic transmission based QoS topology control in wireless sensor networks. In 5th IEEE international conference on mobile ad hoc and sensor systems (pp. 422–427).
Liu, L. (2010). A QoS-based topology control algorithm for underwater wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 6(1), 642053.
Zhou, Z., Peng, Z., Cui, J. H., & Shi, Z. (2011). Efficient multipath communication for time-critical applications in underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 19(1), 28–41.
Climent, S., Capella, J. V., Meratnia, N., & Serrano, J. J. (2012). Underwater sensor networks: A new energy efficient and robust architecture. Sensors, 12(1), 704–731.
Xu, M., & Liu, G. (2011, November). Fault tolerant routing in three-dimensional underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE international conference on wireless communications and signal processing (WCSP) (pp. 1–5).
Park, M. K., & Rodoplu, V. (2007). UWAN-MAC: An energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 32(3), 710–720.
Pompili, D., Melodia, T., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2007, June). A distributed CDMA medium access control for underwater acoustic sensor networks. In Proceedings of mediterranean ad hoc networking workshop (Med-Hoc-Net) (pp. 63–70).
Jornet, J. M., Stojanovic, M., & Zorzi, M. (2008, September). Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks. In Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 75–82).
Van Kleunen, W., Meratnia, N., & Havinga, P. J. (2011, December). Scheduled MAC in beacon overlay networks for underwater localization and time-synchronization. In Proceedings of the sixth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–6).
Lee, S., Jeong, H. J., & Kim, D. (2012, July). A unicast based gradient routing protocol for asynchronous duty-cycling UWSNs. In IEEE fourth international conference on ubiquitous and future networks (ICUFN) (pp. 310–311).
Xie, G. G., & Gibson, J. H. (2001). A network layer protocol for UANs to address propagation delay induced performance limitations. In OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE conference and exhibition (Vol. 4, pp. 2087–2094).
Wahid, A., Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2011, June). An energy-efficient routing protocol for UWSNs using physical distance and residual energy. In IEEE OCEANS, Spain (pp. 1–6).
Bara, A. A., & Khalil, E. A. (2012). A new evolutionary based routing protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Applied Soft Computing, 12(7), 1950–1957.
Peng, Z., Mo, H., Liu, J., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., Xu, X., et al. (2011, September). NAMS: A networked acoustic modem system for underwater applications. In IEEE OCEANS (pp. 1–5).
Domingo, M. C. (2011). Securing underwater wireless communication networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 18(1), 22–28.
Casari, P., & Harris, A. F. (2007, September). Energy-efficient reliable broadcast in underwater acoustic networks. In Proceedings of the second ACM workshop on underwater networks (pp. 49–56).
Peng, Z., Cui, J. H., Wang, B., Ball, K., & Freitag, L. (2007, September). An underwater network testbed: Design, implementation and measurement. In Proceedings of the second ACM workshop on underwater networks (pp. 65–72).
Nimbalkar, A. A., & Pompili, D. (2008, September). Reliability in underwater inter-vehicle communications. In Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 19–26).
Montana, J. M. J. (2008). AUVNetSim: A simulator for underwater acoustics networks. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sea Grant College Program.
Torres, D., Friedman, J., Schmid, T., & Srivastava, M. B. (2009, November). Software-defined underwater acoustic networking platform. In Proceedings of the fourth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–7).
Goetz, M., Azad, S., Casari, P., Nissen, I., & Zorzi, M. (2011, December). Jamming-resistant multi-path routing for reliable intruder detection in underwater networks. In Proceedings of the sixth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–10).
Kim, Y., & Park, S. H. (2011). A query result merging scheme for providing energy efficiency in underwater sensor networks. Sensors, 11(12), 11833–11855.
Cao, R., & Yang, L. (2010, September). Reliable transport and storage protocol with fountain codes for underwater acoustic sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Fifth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–14).
Peng, Z., Le, S., Zuba, M., Mo, H., Zhu, Y., Pu, L., & Cui, J. H. (2011, June). Aqua-TUNE: A testbed for underwater networks. In IEEE OCEANS, Spain (pp. 1–9).
Zuba, M., Shi, Z., Peng, Z., & Cui, J. H. (2011, December). Launching denial-of-service jamming attacks in underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of the sixth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–12).
Coutinho, R. W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L. F., & Loureiro, A. A. (2015). A novel void node recovery paradigm for long-term underwater sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 34, 144–156.
Curiac, D. I. (2016). Towards wireless sensor, actuator and robot networks: Conceptual framework, challenges and perspectives. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 63, 14–23.
Das, A. P., & Thampi, S. M. (2017). Fault-resilient localization for underwater sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 55, 132–142.
Dhurandher, S. K., Obaidat, M. S., & Gupta, M. (2013). Energized geocasting model for underwater wireless sensor networks. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 37, 125–138.
Gholami, E., Rahmani, A. M., & Fooladi, M. D. T. (2015). Adaptive and distributed TDMA scheduling protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 80(3), 947–969.
Kumar, M., & Goyal, N. (2014). Reviewing underwater acoustic wireless sensing networks. International Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 5(2), 95–98.
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2014, February). Fuzzy based clustering and aggregation technique for under water wireless sensor networks. In IEEE international conference on electronics and communication systems (ICECS) (pp. 1–5).
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2016). Energy efficient architecture for intra and inter cluster communication for underwater wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 89(2), 687–707.
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Improved data aggregation for cluster based underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, India, Sect. A Physical Sciences (pp. 1–11).
Han, G., Liu, L., Jiang, J., Shu, L., & Rodrigues, J. J. (2016). A collaborative secure localization algorithm based on trust model in underwater wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 16(2), 229.
Harb, H., Makhoul, A., & Couturier, R. (2015). An enhanced K-means and ANOVA-based clustering approach for similarity aggregation in underwater wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(10), 5483–5493.
Ilyas, N., Akbar, M., Ullah, R., Khalid, M., Arif, A., Hafeez, A., et al. (2015). SEDG: Scalable and efficient data gathering routing protocol for underwater WSNs. Procedia Computer Science, 52, 584–591.
Izadi, D., Abawajy, J., & Ghanavati, S. (2015). An alternative clustering scheme in WSN. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(7), 4148–4155.
Jadidoleslamy, H., Aref, M. R., & Bahramgiri, H. (2016). A fuzzy fully distributed trust management system in wireless sensor networks. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 70(1), 40–49.
Jia, J., & Meng, J. (2016). Impulsive noise rejection for ZigBee communication systems using Error-Balanced Wavelet filtering. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 70(5), 558–567.
Kumar, R. (2014). A survey on data aggregation and clustering schemes in underwater sensor networks. International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, 7(6), 29–52.
Kredo II, K., & Mohapatra, P. (2011, December). Scheduling granularity in underwater acoustic networks. In Proceedings of the sixth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–7).
Proctor, A. A., Bradley, C., Gamroth, E., & Kennedy, J. (2011, December). Extendible underwater positioning and communication system for AUVS. In Proceedings of the sixth ACM international workshop on underwater networks (pp. 1–14).
Song, M. A. O., & Zhao, C. L. (2011). Unequal clustering algorithm for WSN based on fuzzy logic and improved ACO. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 18(6), 89–97.
Kim, D., Wang, W., Ding, L., Lim, J., Oh, H., & Wu, W. (2010). Minimum average routing path clustering problem in multi-hop 2-D underwater sensor networks. Optimization Letters, 4(3), 383–392.
Li, Z., Guo, Z., Hong, F., & Hong, L. (2013). E2DTS: An energy efficiency distributed time synchronization algorithm for underwater acoustic mobile sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 11(4), 1372–1380.
Hong, L., Hong, F., Yang, B., & Guo, Z. (2013). ROSS: Receiver oriented sleep scheduling for underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on underwater networks and systems, Taiwan (p. 4).
Domingo, M. C. (2013). Marine communities based congestion control in underwater wireless sensor networks. Information Sciences, 228, 203–221.
Karimi, H., Medhati, O., Zabolzadeh, H., Eftekhari, A., Rezaei, F., & Dehno, S. B. (2015). Implementing a reliable, fault tolerance and secure framework in the wireless sensor-actuator networks for events reporting. Procedia Computer Science, 73, 384–394.
Liu, Y., Liu, A., & He, S. (2015). A novel joint logging and migrating traceback scheme for achieving low storage requirement and long lifetime in WSNs. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 69(10), 1464–1482.
Manjula, R. B., & Manvi, S. S. (2012, December). Cluster based data aggregation in underwater acoustic sensor networks. In India conference (INDICON), Annual IEEE (pp. 104–109).
Nowsheen, N., Karmakar, G., & Kamruzzaman, J. (2016). PRADD: A path reliability-aware data delivery protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 75, 385–397.
Rahman, A. U., Alharby, A., Hasbullah, H., & Almuzaini, K. (2016). Corona based deployment strategies in Wireless Sensor Network: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer applications, 64, 176–193.
Rezvani, M., Ignjatovic, A., Bertino, E., & Jha, S. (2015). Secure data aggregation technique for wireless sensor networks in the presence of collusion attacks. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 12(1), 98–110.
Senel, F., Akkaya, K., Erol-Kantarci, M., & Yilmaz, T. (2015). Self-deployment of mobile underwater acoustic sensor networks for maximized coverage and guaranteed connectivity. Ad Hoc Networks, 34, 170–183.
Shen, H., & Bai, G. (2016). Routing in wireless multimedia sensor networks: A survey and challenges ahead. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 71, 30–49.
Tran, K. T. M., Oh, S. H., & Byun, J. Y. (2013). An Efficient Data Aggregation Approach for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks, 24, 46–48.
Tran, K. T. M., Oh, S. H., & Byun, J. Y. (2013). Well-suited similarity functions for data aggregation in cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 9(8), 645243.
Tran, K. T. M., & Oh, S. H. (2014). Uwsns: A round-based clustering scheme for data redundancy resolve. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(4), 383912.
Vennila, C., & Madhura, M. (2016). An energy-efficient attack resistant trust model for underwater wireless sensor networks. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research., 24(S2), 33–39.
Xu, M., Liu, G., & Guan, J. (2015). Towards a secure medium access control protocol for cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(5), 325474.
Zenia, N. Z., Aseeri, M., Ahmed, M. R., Chowdhury, Z. I., & Kaiser, M. S. (2016). Energy-efficiency and reliability in MAC and routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 71, 72–85.
Domingo M. C., Prior R. (2007). A distributed clustering scheme for underwater wireless sensor networks. In IEEE 18th international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications, Athens (pp. 1–5).
Ayaz, M., Abdullah, A., & Jung, L. T. (2010). Temporary cluster based routing for underwater wireless sensor networks. In International symposium on information technology, Kuala Lumpur (pp. 1009–1014).
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Lin, C., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Shen, H., et al. (2010). A self-healing clustering algorithm for underwater sensor networks. Cluster Computing, 14(1), 91–99.
Wu, Z., Tian, C., Jiang, H., & Liu, W. (2011). Minimum-latency aggregation scheduling in underwater wireless sensor networks. In IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), Kyoto (pp. 1–5).
Kartha, J., & Jacob, L. (2017). Network lifetime-aware data collection in underwater sensor networks for delay-tolerant applications. Sādhanā, 42(10), 1645–1664.
Manjula, R. B., & Manvi, S. S. (2011). Issues in underwater acoustic sensor networks. International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, 3(1), 101.
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Data aggregation in underwater wireless sensor network: Recent approaches and issues. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.04.007.
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2018). A novel technique for fault detection and recovery by using BCH for cluster based UWSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems, 31(4), e3485.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goyal, N., Dave, M. & Verma, A.K. Protocol Stack of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network: Classical Approaches and New Trends. Wireless Pers Commun 104, 995–1022 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-6064-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-6064-z