Abstract
DV-Hop, a range-free localization algorithm, has been one of the most popular localization algorithm. It is easy and inexpensive to implement. Therefore, in the literature, many improved variants of this algorithm exist. However, poor location accuracy and higher power consumption by DV-Hop algorithm always open new avenues for research on this algorithm and makes it a favorite among the researchers. In this paper, we have proposed an Improved 3-Dimensional DV-Hop algorithm based on the information of nearby nodes (I3D-DVLAIN). In the algorithm, by calculating hopsize at the unknown nodes, we eliminate one communication among the nodes, which reduces power consumption in the network. The hopsize calculation and location estimation is done by using only the nearby anchor nodes, which minimizes the network usage and decreases the computational effort. For the selection of nearby anchor nodes, we introduce a new method. Further, for localization, a novel method is used for solving the system of distance equations that restricts propagation of inherent error in the distance and increases localization accuracy. Furthermore, by mathematically analyzing the propagation of error in solving the system of equations, we prove the superiority of I3D-DVLAIN over other compared algorithms. The results obtained through simulation and complexity analysis of the computation and communication further strengthens our observations about the superiority of the proposed algorithm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Computer Networks, 38(4), 393–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1286(01)00302-4.
Boukerche, A., Oliveira, H. A. B. F., Nakamura, E. F., & Loureiro, A. A. F. (2008). Localization systems for wireless sensor networks. In A. Boukerche (Ed.), Algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks (pp. 307–340). New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470396360.ch11.
Kumar, S., & Lobiyal, D. K. (2013). An advanced DV-Hop localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 71(2), 1365–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0880-3.
Guo, Y., Han, Q., & Kang, X. (2019). Underwater sensor networks localization based on mobility-constrained beacon. Wireless Networks. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02023-5.
Bulusu, N., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2000). GPS-less low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices. IEEE Personal Communications, 7(5), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1109/98.878533.
Čapkun, S., Hamdi, M., & Hubaux, J. P. (2001). GPS-free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2001.927202.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., & Lichtenegger, H. C. J. E. (2012). Global positioning system: Theory and practice. Berlin: Springer.
Han, G., Xu, H., Duong, T. Q., Jiang, J., & Hara, T. (2013). Localization algorithms of wireless sensor networks: A survey. Telecommunication Systems, 52(4), 2419–2436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-011-9564-7.
Boukerche, A., Oliveira, H., Nakamura, E., & Loureiro, A. (2009). DV-Loc: A scalable localization protocol using Voronoi diagrams for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 16(2), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2009.4907560.
Chowdhury, T. J. S., Elkin, C., Devabhaktuni, V., Rawat, D. B., & Oluoch, J. (2016). Advances on localization techniques for wireless sensor networks: A survey. Computer Networks. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.10.006.
Abd El Aziz, M. (2017). Source localization using TDOA and FDOA measurements based on modified cuckoo search algorithm. Wireless Networks, 23(2), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1158-y.
Oliveira, L. L., Oliveira, L. A., Silva, G. W. A., Timoteo, R. D. A., & Cunha, D. C. (2019). An RSS-based regression model for user equipment location in cellular networks using machine learning. Wireless Networks, 25(8), 4839–4848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1774-4.
Jin, R., Che, Z., Xu, H., Wang, Z., & Wang, L. (2015). An RSSI-based localization algorithm for outliers suppression in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 21(8), 2561–2569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0936-x.
Han, S., Lee, S., Lee, S., Park, J., & Park, S. (2010). Node distribution-based localization for large-scale wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 16(5), 1389–1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-009-0210-1.
Boushaba, M., Hafid, A., & Benslimane, A. (2009). High accuracy localization method using AoA in sensor networks. Computer Networks, 53(18), 3076–3088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2009.07.015.
Li, C., Zhang, H., Hao, B., & Li, J. (2011). A survey on routing protocols for large-scale wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 11(4), 3498–3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110403498.
Cabero, J. M., Olabarrieta, I., Gil-López, S., del Ser, J., & Martín, J. L. (2014). Range-free localization algorithm based on connectivity and motion. Wireless Networks, 20(8), 2287–2305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-014-0741-y.
Ma, D., Er, M. J., & Wang, B. (2010). Analysis of hop-count-based source-to-destination distance estimation in wireless sensor networks with applications in localization. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 59(6), 2998–3011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2048346.
Zhao, J., Zhao, Q., Li, Z., & Liu, Y. (2013). An improved weighted centroid localization algorithm based on difference of estimated distances for wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication Systems, 53(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-013-9673-6.
Xu, L., Wang, K., Jiang, Y., Yang, F., Du, Y., & Li, Q. (2011). A study on 2D and 3D weighted centroid localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks. In 2011 3rd international conference on advanced computer control, ICACC 2011 (Vol. 978, pp. 155–159). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACC.2011.6016388.
Niculescu, D., & Nath, B. (2020). Ad hoc positioning system (APS). In GLOBECOM’01. IEEE global telecommunications conference (Cat. No.01CH37270) (Vol. 5, pp. 2926–2931). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2001.965964.
Cheng, W. H., Li, J., & Li, H. (2012). An improved APIT location algorithm for wireless sensor networks. In J. Kacprzyk (Ed.), Advances in intelligent and soft computing, AISC (Vol. 139, pp. 113–119). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27951-5_17.
Nagpal, R., Shrobe, H., & Bachrach, J. (2003). Organizing a global coordinate system from local information on an ad hoc sensor network. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2634, 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36978-3_22.
Gui, L., Val, T., & Wei, A. (2011). Improving localization accuracy using selective 3-anchor DV-hop algorithm. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2011.6093011.
Kumar, S., & Lobiyal, D. K. (2017). Novel DV-Hop localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication Systems, 64(3), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-016-0189-8.
Hu, Y., & Li, X. (2013). An improvement of DV-Hop localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication Systems, 53(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-013-9671-8.
Zhao, L., Zhang, K., & Jia, Y. (2020). An improved localization algorithm based on DV-Hop. In J. Kacprzyk (Ed.), Advances in intelligent systems and computing, AISC (Vol. 1084, pp. 590–595). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34387-3_72.
Cai, X., Wang, P., Du, L., Cui, Z., Zhang, W., & Chen, J. (2019). Multi-objective three-dimensional DV-Hop localization algorithm with NSGA-II. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(21), 10003–10015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2927733.
Liu, G., Qian, Z., & Wang, X. (2019). An improved DV-Hop localization algorithm based on hop distances correction. China Communications, 16(6), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.23919/j.cc.2019.06.016.
Shen, S., Yang, B., Qian, K., She, Y., & Wang, W. (2019). On improved DV-hop localization algorithm for accurate node localization in wireless sensor networks. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 28(3), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1049/cje.2019.03.013.
Kumar, S., & Lobiyal, D. K. (2014). Power efficient range-free localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 20(4), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-013-0630-9.
Huang, Y., Luo, Y., Lai, H., & Huang, Y. (2019). A new localisation strategy with wireless sensor networks for tunnel space model. International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking, 14(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhpcn.2019.102124.
Hadir, A., Zine-Dine, K., Bakhouya, M., & el Kafi, J. (2019). Novel localisation algorithms in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, 16(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2019.097439.
Messous, S., Liouane, H., & Liouane, N. (2020). Improvement of DV-Hop localization algorithm for randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication Systems, 73(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-019-00592-6.
Yu, K., Hedley, M., Sharp, I., Guo, Y. J., Sabale, K., Mini, S., et al. (2019). Node positioning in ad hoc wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 5(1), 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1538-6.
Sharp, I., & Yu, K. (2013). Enhanced least-squares positioning algorithm for indoor positioning. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 12(8), 1640–1650. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2012.124.
Chen, X., & Zhang, B. (2014). 3D DV-hop localisation scheme based on particle swarm optimisation in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Sensor Networks, 16(2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSNET.2014.065869.
Kumar, A., Khosla, A., Saini, J. S., & Sidhu, S. S. (2015). Range-free 3D node localization in anisotropic wireless sensor networks. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 34, 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.05.025.
Sharma, G., & Kumar, A. (2018). Fuzzy logic based 3D localization in wireless sensor networks using invasive weed and bacterial foraging optimization. Telecommunication Systems, 67(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-017-0333-0.
Xu, Y., Zhuang, Y., & Gu, J. J. (2015). An improved 3D localization algorithm for the wireless sensor network. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/315714.
Kaur, A., Kumar, P., & Gupta, G. P. (2018). Nature inspired algorithm-based improved variants of DV-hop algorithm for randomly deployed 2D and 3D wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 101(1), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5704-7.
Gou, P., Liu, X., Sun, M., & He, B. (2020). A three-dimensional localization algorithm with multiple communication radii and hybrid intelligence. In Proceedings—2020 international conference on intelligent transportation, big data and smart city, ICITBS 2020 (pp. 477–481). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITBS49701.2020.00103.
Sharma, G., & Kumar, A. (2018). Improved range-free localization for three-dimensional wireless sensor networks using genetic algorithm. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 72, 808–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.12.036.
Kanwar, V., & Kumar, A. (2020). DV-Hop based localization methods for additionally deployed nodes in wireless sensor network using genetic algorithm. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-01907-1.
Yanfei, J., Kexin, Z., & Liquan, Z. (2020). Improved DV-Hop location algorithm based on mobile anchor node and modified hop count for wireless sensor network. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2020, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9275603.
Goyat, R., Rai, M. K., Kumar, G., Kim, T. H., & Saha, R. (2019). Energy efficient range-free localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163603.
Taylor, J. R. (1997). An introduction to error analysis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101, 330. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418074.
Wu, P., Su, S., Zuo, Z., Guo, X., Sun, B., & Wen, X. (2019). Time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization combining weighted least squares and firefly algorithm. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112554.
Zhao, W., Shao, F., Ye, S., & Zheng, W. (2018). LSRR-LA: An anisotropy-tolerant localization algorithm based on least square regularized regression for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 18(11), 3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaushik, A., Lobiyal, D.K. & Kumar, S. Improved 3-dimensional DV-hop localization algorithm based on information of nearby nodes. Wireless Netw 27, 1801–1819 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02533-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02533-7