Abstract
Aim
To define any gender-related differences in the prevalence and risk for tuberculosis (TB) in hemodialysis (HD) patients.
Methods
All active TB cases were recorded during a 36-month follow-up of 272 (193 male and 79 female) HD patients. Entering the study, HD patients were tested with tuberculin and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and a cell-mediated immunity (CMI) index was estimated. Relative risks (RR) for TB were calculated considering subjects from the background general population as a reference group. The independent effect of age, BMI and tuberculin sensitivity was determined using Cox’s proportional hazard model.
Results
Female HD patients presented significantly lower CMI indices and rates of positive Mantoux tests, but higher rates of DM, as compared to males. The male:female ratio in TB for the general and HD patients population was 1.8 and 0.6, respectively. There was a significantly lower TB prevalence in male as compared to female HD patients (7.7% vs. 11.3%), and a subsequent female predominance in risk for TB in those HD patients aged <49 and 50–69 years (M:F adjusted relative risk 0.67 and 0.53) was recorded.
Conclusions
In contrast to the general population, there is a female predominance among dialysis TB patients younger than 70 years associated with the coexistence of DM. Female gender should always be considered as a risk factor when evaluating diabetic HD patients for active TB.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liaw YS, Yank PC, Yu CJ et al (1995) Clinical spectrum of tuberculosis in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:256–260
Stead WW, To T (1987) The significance of the tuberculin test in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 107:837–842
Bener A (1990) Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in Abha and Baha. Eur J Epidemiol 6:376–381. doi:10.1007/BF00151711
Borgdoff MW, Nagelkerke NJD, Dye C, Nunn P (2000) Gender and tuberculosis: a comparison of prevalence surveys with notification data to explore sex differences in case detection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:123–132
Holmes CB, Hausler H, Nunn P (1998) A review of sex differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2:96–104
Martinez AN, Rhee JT, Small PM, Behr MA (2000) Sex differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:26–31
Pérez-Guzmán C, Vargas MH, Torres-Cruz A, Villareal-Vélarde H (1999) Does aging modify pulmonary tuberculosis? a meta-analytical review. Chest 116:961–967. doi:10.1378/chest.116.4.961
Jereb JA, Cauthen GM, Kelly GM, Geiter LJ (1994) The epidemiology of tuberculosis. In: Freidman LN (ed) Tuberculosis. Current concepts and treatment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1–26
Matsushita Y, Ikeda N, Kurasava T et al (1996) The characteristics of clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis in female. Kekkaku 71:391–398
Hudelson P (1996) Gender differences in tuberculosis: the role of social economy and culture factors. Tuber Lung Dis 77:391–400. doi:10.1016/S0962-8479(96)90110-0
Diwan VK, Thorson A (1999) Sex, genger, and tuberculosis. Lancet 353:1000–1001. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01318-5
Begun V, de Colombani P, Das Gupta S et al (2001) Tuberculosis and patients’ gender in Bangladesh: sex differences in diagnosis and treatment outcome. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5:604–610
Connolly M, Nunn P (1996) Women and tuberculosis. World Health Stat Q 49:115–119
Cox DR (1972) Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc B 34:187–220
Lundin AP, Adler AJ, Berlyne GM et al (1979) Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Med 67:597–602. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(79)90240-7
Sasaki S, Akira T, Suenaga M et al (1979) Ten-year survey of dialysis associated tuberculosis. Nephron 24:141–146
Al-Hormany Mohammed (1997) Successful therapy of tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 17:32–35
Tomioka H, Tada K, Ohyma A et al (2003) Problems about the management of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing haemodialyis. Kekkaku 78(4):353–358
Dearborn E, Kirkpatrick CH (1986) The immunology of mycobacterial disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1062–1071
Lopez M, Jerez J, Gonzales M et al (1989) Cell-mediated immunity in health and uremic adults assessed by in vivo and in vitro techniques. Validation of delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 17(1):21–28
Malaviya AN, Sehgal KL, Kumar R, Dingley HB (1975) Factors of delayed hypersensitivity in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Respir Dis 112(1):49–52
Yoneda T, Mikami R, Sakaguchi Y, Shirai F (1987) The relationship between natural killer cell activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene in the spectrum of chronic, intractable pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 68(1):59–64. doi:10.1016/0041-3879(87)90008-0
Watson M, Briggs J, Diamantopoulos A (1979) Endogenous cell-mediated immunity and outcome of renal transplantation. Lancet 2:1323–1326. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92812-5
Christopoulos A, Diamantopoulos A, Dimopoulos P et al (2006) Risk of tuberculosis in dialysis patients: association of tuberculin and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene reactivity with risk of tuberculosis. Int Urol Nephrol 38(3–4):745–751. doi:10.1007/s11255-006-9051-3
American Diabetes Association (2002) Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 25:S85–S89. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.S85
Pérez-Guzmán C, Vargas MH, Torres-Cruz A et al (2003) Diabetes modifies the male:female ratio in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Dis 7(4):354–358
Straube W, Briese V (1989) Sex steroids and the immune system. Zentralbl Gynakol 111(9):552–558
Fahlman MM, Boardley D, Flyn MG et al (2000) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on selected indices of immune function in post-menopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 50(3):189–193. doi:10.1159/000010308
Karpuzoglu-Sahin E, Zhi-Jun Y, Lengi A et al (2001) Effects of long-term estrogen treatment on INF-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4gene expression and protein synthesis in spleen and thymus of normal C57BL/6 mice. Cytokine 14(4):208–217
Wells CC, Riazi S, Mankhey RW et al (2005) Diabetic nephropathy is associated with increased circulating estradiol levels and imbalance in the expression of renal estrogen receptors. Gend Med 2(4):227–237. doi:10.1016/S1550-8579(05)80052-X
Styrt B, Sugarman B (1991) Estrogens and infection. Rev Infect Dis 13(6):1139–1150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Christopoulos, A.I., Diamantopoulos, A.A., Dimopoulos, P.A. et al. Male–female differences in the risk of tuberculosis in dialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 41, 671–677 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-008-9479-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-008-9479-8