Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolite profile and elemental determination of camel follicular fluid by GC–MS and ICP-MS

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of present study was to determine metabolite profile and inorganic elements of camel follicular fluids (FF) using “gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),” respectively. Various metabolites were detected in camel FF by the proposed GC–MS technique. The major compounds detected were lactic acid (62.37%), linolenic acid (5.95%), myo-inositol (3.37%), hexadecanoic acid (3.19%), N-ethyl-N-vinylacetamide (3.15%), acetamide (2.89%), tetradecanoic acid (2.64%), and d-xylofuranose (2.25%). The proposed ICP-MS technique was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. All quality control validation parameters were found to be satisfactory for the analysis of elements in camel FF. The proposed ICP-MS technique showed the presence of sixteen different elements (out of eighteen standards) in camel FF. Some elements such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg were obtained in higher amounts in camel FF. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the proposed GC–MS and ICP-MS techniques can be successfully applied for metabolite profile and element determination of biological fluids such as FF.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrhaley, A. and Leta, S., 2018. Medicinal value of camel milk and meat. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 46, 552–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamad, S.R., Alhaider, A.Q., Raish, M. and Shakeel, F., 2017a. Metabolomic and elemental analysis of camel and bovine urine by GC-MS and ICP-MS. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24, 23–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamad, S.R., Raish, M., Ahmad, A. and Shakeel, F., 2017b. Potential health benefits and metabolomics of camel milk by GC-MS and ICP-MS. Biological Trace Element Research, 175, 122–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamad, S.R., Raish, M., Yaqoob, S.H., Khan, A. and Shakeel, F., 2017c. Metabolomics and trace element analysis camel tears by GC-MS and ICP-MS. Biological Trace Element Research, 177, 251–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, S., Ahmad, N., Akhtar, N., Rahman, Z.U. and Noakes, D.E., 2008. Metabolite contents of blood serum and fluid from small and large sized follicles in dromedary camels during the peak and the low breeding seasons. Animal Reproduction Science, 108, 446–456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, S., Ahmad, N., Akhtar, N., Rahman, Z.U. and Ahmad, M., 2011. Hormonal profiles in the serum and follicular fluid of female camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the peak and the low breeding season. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31, 331–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, K., Walsh, S., Evans, A.C.O., Fair, T. and Brennan, L., 2010. Metabolite concentration in follicular fluid may explain differences in fertility between heifers and lactating cows. Reproduction, 139, 1047–1055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Degnan, B.A. and Macfarlane, G.T., 1993. Transport and metabolism of glucose and arabinose in Bifidobacterium breve. Archives in Microbiology, 160, 144–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dell’Aquila, M.E., Cho, Y.S., Minoia, P., Traina, V. and Lacalandra, G.M., 1997. Effects of follicular fluid supplementation of in vitro maturation medium on the fertilization and development of equine oocytes after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction, 12, 2766–2772.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bahr, S.M., Ghoneiim, I.M. and Waheed, M.W., 2015. Biochemical and hormonal analysis of follicular fluid and serum of female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) with different sized ovarian follicles. Animal Reproduction Science, 159, 98–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shahat, K.H., Abo-El Maaty, A.M. and Moawad, A.R., 2013. Follicular fluid composition in relation to follicular size in pregnant and non-pregnant dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Animal Reproduction, 10, 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espey, L.L. and Lipner, H., 1994. Ovulation. In: Knobil E, Neill JD (Ed.). The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press. pp. 725–780

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, W.O., 1940. The role of potassium in physiological processes. Physiological Reviews, 20, 377–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune, J.E., Rivera, G.M. and Yang, M.Y., 2004. Follicular development: the role of the follicular microenvironment in selection of the dominant follicle. Animal Reproduction Science, 82-83, 109–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gérard, N., Loiseau, S., Duchamp, G. and Seguin, F., 2002. Analysis of thevariations of follicular fluid composition during follicular growth and maturation in the mare using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR). Reproduction, 124, 241–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosden, R.G., Hunter, R.H.F., Telfer, E., Torrance, C. and Brown, N., 1988. Physiological factors underlying the formation of ovarian follicular fluid. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 82, 813–825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, T.A., 2015. Method validation essentials, limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. BioPharm International, 28, 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokuruka, M.N.I., 2007. Role of fatty acids of milk and dairy products in cardiovascular disease: a review. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 7, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNatty, K.P., Smith, D.M., Makris, A., Osathanondh, R. and Ryan, K.J., 1979. The microenviroment of the human antral follicle: interrelationships among the steroid levels in the antral fluid, the population of granulosa cells and the status of the oocyte in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 49, 851–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musa, B.E. and Abusineina, M.E., 1978. The oestrous cycle of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Records, 103, 556–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Gorman, A., Wallace, M., Cottell, E., Gibney, M.J., McAuliffe, F.M., Wingfield, M. and Brennan, L., 2013. Metabolic profiling of human follicular fluid identifies potential biomarkers of oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction, 146, 389–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, S., 2009. Sodium balance-an integrated physiological model and novel approach. Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, 20, 560–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, Z.U., Bukhari, S.A., Ahmad, N., Akhtar, N., Ijaz, A., Yousaf, M.S. and Haq, I.U., 2008. Dynamics of follicular fluid in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43, 664–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raish, M., Ahmad, A., Alkharfy, K.M., Al-Jenoobi, F.I., Al-Mohizea, A.M., Mohsin, K., Ahamad, S.R., Ali, M. and Shakeel, F., 2016. Antioxidant potential and in situ analysis of major and trace element determination of Ood-saleeb, a known Unani herbal medicine by ICP-MS. Biological Trace Element Research, 172, 521–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J.S., 1994. Hormonal control of gene expression in the ovary. Endocrinology Reviews, 15, 725–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, H., Torres, C., Valdes, X., Guerra, H., Pastor, L.M., Maccallini, G. and Bustos-Obregon, E., 2001. The acrosomic reaction in stallion spermatozoa: inductive effect of the mare preovulatory follicular fluid. Biocell, 25, 115–120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghi, S. and Kor, N.M., 2013. Trace elements in ovarian follicular fluid related to follicle size in dairy cows. Online Journal of Veterinary Research, 17, 490–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saris, N.E.L., Mervaala, E., Karppanen, H., Khawaja, J.A. and Lewenstam, A., 2000. Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clinica Chimica Acta, 294, 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamsia, S.M., 2009. Nutritional and therapeutic properties of fatty acids of camel and human milk. International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology, 1, 52–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, K.D., Lunn, L.A., Kwong, W.Y., Wonnacott, K., Linforth, R.S.T. and Craigon, J., 2008. Amino acid and fatty acid composition of follicular fluid as predictors of in-vitro embryo development. Reproductive Biomedicine, 16, 859–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tandogan, B. and Ulusu, N.N., 2005. Importance of calcium. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 35, 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tibary, A. and Anouassi, A., 1997. Reproductive physiology in female camelidae. In: Tibary, A. (Ed.), Theriogenology in CamelidaeAnatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Artificial Breeding. Actes Editions, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, pp. 169–241

  • Wang, Y., Storeng, R., Dale, P.O., Abyholm, T. and Tanbo, T., 2001. Effects of follicular fluid and steroid hormones on chemotaxis and motility of human spermatozoa in vitro. Gynaecology and Endocrinology, 15, 286–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.J.P., 1970. Tilden lecture. The biochemistry of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Quarterly Reviews Chemical Society, 24, 331–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.T., 1984. The Camel, Longman, London/New York, pp. 83–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia, L., Zhao, X., Sun, Y., Hong, Y., Gao, Y. and Hu, S., 2013. Metabolomic profiling of human follicular fluid from patients with repeated failure of in vitro fertilization using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7, 7220–7229.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This project was financially supported by King Saud University, Vice Deanship of Research Chairs, Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical industry through the grant number FN-2018.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Laboratory, Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Syed Rizwan Ahamad & Altaf Khan

  2. Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Syed Hilal Yaqoob

  3. Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Faiyaz Shakeel

Authors
  1. Syed Rizwan Ahamad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Syed Hilal Yaqoob
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Altaf Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Faiyaz Shakeel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Syed Rizwan Ahamad or Faiyaz Shakeel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahamad, S.R., Yaqoob, S.H., Khan, A. et al. Metabolite profile and elemental determination of camel follicular fluid by GC–MS and ICP-MS. Trop Anim Health Prod 51, 2447–2454 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01920-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01920-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation