Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of kidney function and urinary analytes in Nigerian trade cattle

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This cross-sectional study evaluated kidney function and urinary analytes in cattle presented for slaughter at Nsukka abattoir, Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 133 cattle were evaluated; they were physically examined at the lairage before slaughter and after slaughter, blood for hematology and serum biochemistry were collected from the jugular vein, and urine samples for urinalysis was also collected from the urinary bladder. Standard procedures were followed in all the laboratory determinations. Results showed that, out of 133 sample population of cattle evaluated, 74 (55.6%) were apparently healthy, while 59 (44.4%) were unhealthy with observable clinical signs of diseases or disorders. Serum creatinine evaluation of the 133 cattle showed that 7.5% (10 cattle out of 133) had renal impairment (serum creatinine above 2 mg/dl). There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between renal impairment and age or sex. Out of the sampled cattle, 11 (8.3%) had positive urine bilirubin levels, while none (0%) had urobilinogen in urine, and 5 (3.8%) were positive for ketonuria. Only 6 (4.5%) were positive for urine glucose, but 113 (92.5%) were positive for urine proteins. The cattle sampled had urine pH ranging from 6 to 9, and specific gravity ranging from 1.000 to 1.030 and of all the sampled cattle, 6 (4.5%) were positive for nitrite. Based on the results, it is suggestive that based on the serum creatinine level which is a known marker of kidney function, 7.5% of cattle sampled had renal impairment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abirami, K. and Tiwari, S.C., 2001. Urinalysis in clinical practice (akin to liquid kidney biopsy). Journal Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, 2 (1&2), 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamu, S., Adebayo, I. T., Useh, N. M., Bisalla, M., Sambo, S. J. and Esievo, K. A. N., 2007. Chemical analysis of urinary constituents in cattle presented for slaughter at Zaria abattoir. Medwell Journal of Veterinary Research, 3:57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Iraqi, O.M., Shareef, A.Y. and Dhahir, S.H. 2016. Urinary tract bacterial infection of local Iraqi buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Mosul city. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 40(2), 124–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardsley, A., 2015. How to perform a urinalysis, Nursing Standard, 30(2), 34–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.2.34.e10001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, B., 2013. Interpretation of urinalysis and urine culture for UTI treatment. Pharmacist, 38, 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blass, K.A., Thubert, R. J, and Lam, L.K., 1974. A study of mechanism of Jaffe reaction. Journal of clinical chemistry, 12, 336–343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bono, M.J. and Reygaert, W.C. 2017. Urinary tract infection. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470195/. Accessed 29 Sept 2018.

  • Brain, J.P., Lefebvre, H.P. and Watson, A.D.J., 2003. Creatinine in dog a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 32, 162–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, B.M., 1993. Interpretation of laboratory result for small animal clinic, (Black well scientific publication, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cirio, A., Moet, F., Delegnette- Muller, M.L. and Boivin, R., 2000. Determination of partial urea secretion in sheep by means of ultrasonic flow prober and multi factoral regression analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 471–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J.V., 2008. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures with nursing diagnoses, 7th Edition (Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey).

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanzo, J. T., Wojciechowski, A. L. and Bajwa, R. P. S., 2017. Urinary tract infection with Pasteurella multocida in a patient with cat exposure and abnormal urinary tract physiology: case report and literature review. ID Cases, 9, 109–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, A.L., Milward, D.J., Forgession, D.J., Catherine, E, and Susan, A.L., 2009. Dietary protein and bone. Health and systhemic review of metanalysis. Animal Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 40, 1674–1692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, M., Das, A.K. and Gogoi, G.N. 2002. Discriminatory value of blood urea: creatinine ratio in upper gastrointestinal bleeding with and without cirrhosis of liver. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2002 Feb; 50:243–6

  • Delanghe, J. and Speeckaert, M., 2014. Preanalytical requirements of urinalysis. Biochemia Medica (Zagreb), 24(1), 89–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2014.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FMANR (Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2009. Geographic data. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource. (Enugu, Nigeria).

  • Franz, M. and Hörl, WH (1999). Common errors in diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection. I: pathophysiology and diagnostic techniques. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 14(11), 2746–2753, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/14.11.2746 .

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gounden, V. and Jialal, I., 2018. Renal function tests. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/ Accessed 15 Oct 2018.

  • Gowda, S., Desai, P. B., Kulkarni, S. S., Hull, V. V., Math, A. A. K. and Vernekar, S. N., 2010. Markers of renal function tests. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(4), 170–173.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, C., 2016. Urea and the clinical value of measuring blood urea concentration, acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/urea-and-the-clinical-value-of-measuring-blood-urea-concentration. Accessed 5 Sept 2018.

  • Hoffmann, D., Bijol, V., Krishnamoorthy, A., Gonzalez, V. R., Frendl, G., Zhang, Q., Goering, P. L., Brown, R.P., Waikar, S.S. and Vaidya, V. S. 2012. Fibrinogen excretion in the urine and immunoreactivity in the kidney serves as a translational biomarker for acute kidney injury. The American Journal of Pathology, 181(3), 818–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D.Z., Drobatz, K.J. and Hess, R.S., 2006. Outcome of dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis: 127 dogs (1993–2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20, 547–555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • İssi, M., Gül, Y. and Başbug, O., 2016. Evaluation of renal and hepatic functions in cattle with subclinical and clinical ketosis. Turkey Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40, 47–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jawaleka, S., Survey, V. T, and Buthey, S.A., 2010. Twenty four hours urine and serum biochemical parameters of patients with urolthiasis. Nepal Medical College Journal. 12(1), 5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K.V.A. and Lawrence, K.E., 2010. Obstructive urolithiasis in seaman goat in New Zealand, resulting from urinary bladder rupture. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 58(5), 269–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, C.J., and Price, C.P., 2008. Creatinine, urea and uric acid. In: C.A. Burtus, E.R. Ashowod, and D.E. Bruns (eds), Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry 6th ed. (Sauder Elsevier, Missouri), 363–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, G.E. 2004. Early diagnosis of renal disease and renal failure. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 34 (4), 867–885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H.P., Laroute, V., Coneordet, D. and Toutain, P.L., 1999. Effect of renal impairment on the disposition of orally administered Enalapril, Benzapril and their active metabolite. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 13, 21–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levey, A.S., Andreoli, S.P., DuBose, T., Provenzano, R. and Collins, A.J. 2007. CKD: common, harmful, and treatable--World Kidney Day 2007. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 49(2), 175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, W. 2011. The complete urinalysis and urine tests. http://doczine.com/bigdata/1/1365798558_62335a 64cb/coursematerial-265.pdf. Accessed 7 Jul 2018.

  • Lunn, K. F. 2011. The kidney in critically ill small animals. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 41(4), 727–744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mambatta, A. K., Jayarajan, J., Rashme, V. L., Harini, S., Menon, S. and Kuppusamy, J., 2015. Reliability of dipstick assay in predicting urinary tract infection. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(2), 265–268.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mavangira, V., Cornish, J.M. and Angelo, J.A., (2012). Effect of ammonium chloride, supplementation in urine P. H and Urinary fractional excretion of electrolyte in goats. Journal of American Veterinary Association. 237 (11), 1229–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D.J. and Harvey J.W. 1998. Veterinary laboratory medicine interpretation and diagnosis, 2nd edition, (E.B. Saunder, Philadelphia)

    Google Scholar 

  • Montero, D., Lundby, C., Ruschitzka, F. and Flammer, A.J., 2017. True anemia―red blood cell volume deficit in heart failure circulation: heart failure, 10:e003610, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003610

  • Muraoka, N., Sakai, T., Kimura, H., Uematsu, H., Tanase, K., Yokoyama, O., Itoh, H. 2008. Rare causes of hematuria associated with various vascular diseases involving the upper urinary tract. Radiographics, 28(3), 855–867. doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.283075106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niraj, K.T., Christopher, R.G. and Kenneth, S.L., 2009. Urinary system. In: K.S. Latimer (ed), Duncan and Prasse’s Veterinary laboratory medicine: clinic pathology, (Wiley Blackwell, West Sussex, UK), 253–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otter, A. 2013, Diagnostic blood biochemistry and haematology in cattle, In Practice, 35, 7–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, S. 2014, Beyond the bloodwork: diagnostics for liver disease. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e192/aecf2d0e566d7b399c673c1151b52d6b692a.pdf. Accessed 23 September 2018.

  • Parrah, J.D., Moulvi, B.A., Gazi, M.A., Makhdoomi, D.M., Athar, H., Din, M.U., Dar, S. and Mir, A.Q. 2013. Importance of urinalysis in veterinary practice – a review, Vet World 6(9): 640–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K. W. and Constable, P. D., (2007). Veterinary Medicine:Textbook of diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pig and goats, 10th Edition, (Saunders, U.S.A).

  • Roxe, D.M. 1990. Urinalysis. In: H.K. Walker, W.D. Hall, J.W. Hurst (eds), Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd edition, (Butterworths. Boston, US). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK302/. Accessed 23 Sept 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandilands, E. A., Dhaun, N., Dear, J. W. and Webb, D. J. 2013. Measurement of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 76(4), 504–515.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seguin, M. A., Vaden, S.L., Altier, C., Stone, E. and Levine, J.F., 2003. Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989-1999). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 622–631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stockham, S. L and Scott, M.A., 2008. Fundamental of veterinary clinical pathology, 2nd edition, (Blackwell publishing, Iowa, USA).

  • Tharwat, M. and Buczinski, S., 2012. Diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with abdominal fat necrosis. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 53(1), 41–46.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thrall, M.A. and Weiser, M.G., 2002. Haematology. In: C.M. Hendrix (ed), Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians, 4th edition, (Mosby Inc, Missouri), 29–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, N.K., Gregory, C.R. and Latimer, K.S., 2011. Urinary system. In: K.S. Latimer (ed), Duncan and Prasse Veterinary Laboratory medicine: clinical pathology 5th edition, (Wiley Blackwell, West Sussex, UK), 253–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugochukwu, I. C, Shoyinka, S.V., Chineme, C.N. and Chah, K.F., 2017. Prevalence, histopathological finding and aerobic bacteria flora associated with pneumopathies in goats slaughtered in the Nsukka abartoir. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(Special issue), 46–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whalan, J.E., 2015. Urinalysis diagnosis. In: Whalan, J.E. A toxicologist’s guide to clinical pathology in animals, (Springer International publishing AG Switzerland), 94–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore, J.C. and Webb, C.B., 2005. Beyond fluid therapy: treating acute renal failure. Compedium on continuing education for veterinarians, 27, 288–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yam, P., 1994. Cystocentesis in the dog and cat. In Practice, 16, 319–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the technical help rendered by the staff of the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria

    John Ikechukwu Ihedioha, Chimere Victor Ukachukwu, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu & Davinson Chuka Anyogu

Authors
  1. John Ikechukwu Ihedioha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chimere Victor Ukachukwu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Davinson Chuka Anyogu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

J.I I conceived the idea; J.I. I and V.C. U carried out the research; I.C.I. U wrote the manuscript while D.C A made significant intellectual contributions to this research. All authors read and approved the manuscript for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical considerations

The ethics governing the use and conduct of experiments on animals were strictly observed, and the experimental protocol was approved by the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Senate committee on Medical Research ethics. Proper permit and consent were obtained from the Ikpa Commodity market abattoir management before the urine samples of the Cattle slaughtered in this abattoir were used for this experiment.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ihedioha, J.I., Ukachukwu, C.V., Ugochukwu, I.C.I. et al. Evaluation of kidney function and urinary analytes in Nigerian trade cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 51, 1867–1875 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01879-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01879-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation