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A Pre-Landing Assessment of Regolith Properties at the InSight Landing Site

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Abstract

This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be \(\geq3\mbox{--}5~\mbox{m}\) thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission.

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Acknowledgements

PM was supported for this work by subcontract no. 1479970 for the InSight Mission from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A portion of the work described in this paper was supported by the InSight Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This is InSight Contribution Number 39.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Colorado Geological Survey, Colorado School of Mines, 1801 19th St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA

    Paul Morgan

  2. DLR Institute for Planetary Research, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Matthias Grott

  3. Department Planets and Comets, Max Plank Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077, Göttinggen, Germany

    Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun

  4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    Matt Golombek, Sylvain Piqueux, Ingrid Daubar, Nils Müller & Sharon Kedar

  5. Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Laboratoire Navier (CERMES), Paris, France

    Pierre Delage

  6. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France

    Philippe Lognonné

  7. Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, 31055, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Naomi Murdoch

  8. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Constantinos Charalambous & William T. Pike

  9. Faculty of Science Technology and Mathematics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK

    Axel Hagermann

  10. Deadman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750235, Dallas, TX, 75275-0235, USA

    Matt Siegler

  11. DLR Institute for System Dynamics and Control, Münchner Straße 20, 82234, Oberpfaffenhofen-Weßling, Germany

    Roy Lichtenheldt

  12. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Clifton, BS8 1RJ, UK

    Nick Teanby

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  1. Paul Morgan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Morgan.

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The InSight Mission to Mars II

Edited by William B. Banerdt and Christopher T. Russell

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Soil mechanical parameters, definitions, and units. Units indicated by empty brackets are dimensionless
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Morgan, P., Grott, M., Knapmeyer-Endrun, B. et al. A Pre-Landing Assessment of Regolith Properties at the InSight Landing Site. Space Sci Rev 214, 104 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0537-y

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