Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Are Psychological and Ecological Well-being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle

  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Happiness and ecological well-being are often portrayed as conflictual pursuits, but they may actually be complementary. In samples of adolescents (Study 1) and adults (Study 2), we tested this proposition and examined the role of three factors in promoting both subjective well-being (SWB) and ecologically responsible behavior (ERB). In both studies, individuals higher in SWB reported more ERB. An intrinsic value orientation (Studies 1 and 2) and dispositional mindfulness (Study 2) related to higher SWB and ERB, while a lifestyle of voluntary simplicity (Study 2) related to higher ERB. Further analyses showed that the compatibility of SWB and ERB was explained by intrinsic values and mindfulness. These findings offer clues to a sustainable way of life that enhances both personal and collective well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • J. Abramovitz (2003) Vital signs 2003: The Trends that Are Shaping Our Future W. W. Norton New York

    Google Scholar 

  • J. L. Arbuckle W. Wothke (1999) Amos 4.0 User’s Guide Small Waters Corp. Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • R. A. Baer (2003) ArticleTitle‘Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review’ Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10 125–143 Occurrence Handle10.1093/clipsy/bpg015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. M. Baron D. A. Kenny (1986) ArticleTitle‘The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual strategic, and statistical considerations’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 1173–1182 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Occurrence Handle3806354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Brower W. Leon (1999) The Consumer’s Guide to Effective Environmental Choices Three Rivers New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., T. Kasser, R. M. Ryan and J. Konow: 2004, ‘Having and being: Investigating the pathways from materialism and mindfulness to well-being’, Unpublished data, University of Rochester.

  • K. W. Brown R. M. Ryan (2003) ArticleTitle‘The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 822–848 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 Occurrence Handle12703651

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. W. Brown R. M. Ryan (2004) ‘Fostering healthy self-regulation from within and without: A Self-Determination Theory perspective’ P.A. Linley S. Joseph (Eds) Positive Psychology in Practice Wiley Hoboken, NJ 105–124

    Google Scholar 

  • M. A. Burch (2000) Stepping Lightly: Simplicity for People and the Planet New Society Gabriola Island, BC

    Google Scholar 

  • W. H. Corson (1995) ArticleTitle‘Priorities for a sustainable future: The role of education the media, and tax reform’ Journal of Social Issues 51 37–61

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Cowles L. A. Crosby (1986) ArticleTitle‘Measure validation in consumer research: A confirmatory factor analysis of the voluntary simplicity lifestyle scale’ Advances in Consumer Research 13 392–397

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Young ParticleDe (1996) ArticleTitle‘Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior: The role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence motivation’ Environment and Behavior 28 358–409

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Young ParticleDe (2000) ArticleTitle‘Expanding and evaluating motives for environmentally responsible behavior’ Journal of Social Issues 56 509–526 Occurrence Handle10.1111/0022-4537.00181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener (1984) ArticleTitle‘Subjective well-being’ Psychological Bulletin 95 542–575 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542 Occurrence Handle6399758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener M. Diener C. Diener (1995) ArticleTitle‘Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 851–864 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.851 Occurrence Handle7473035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener R. A. Emmons (1985) ArticleTitle‘The independence of positive and negative affect’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 1105–1117

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Dholakia M. Wackernagel (1999) The Ecological Footprint Questionnaire Redefining Progress San Francisco, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • J. R. Dominguez V. Robin (1992) Your Money or Your Life Viking New York

    Google Scholar 

  • P. R. Ehrlich J. P. Holdren (1971) ArticleTitle‘Impact of population growth’ Science 171 1212–1217 Occurrence Handle5545198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Eigner (2001) ‘The relationship between “protecting the environment” as a dominant life goal and subjective well-being’ P. Schmuck K. M. Sheldon (Eds) Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving Hogrefe and Huber Seattle, WA 182–201

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Elgin (1993) Voluntary Simplicity, Revised edition William Morrow New York

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Etzioni (1998) ArticleTitle‘Voluntary simplicity: Characterization select psychological implications, and societal consequences’ Journal of Economic Psychology 19 619–643 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-4870(98)00021-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallup, G. and F. Newport: 1990, ‘Americans strongly in tune with the purpose of Earth Day 1990’, Gallup Poll Monthly April, pp. 5–14.

  • I. Green-Demers L. G. Pelletier S. Menard (1997) ArticleTitle‘The impact of behavioural difficulty on the saliency of the association between self-determined motivation and environmental behaviours’ Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 29 157–166

    Google Scholar 

  • J. W. Grube D. M. Mayton S. J. Ball-Rokeach (1994) ArticleTitle‘Inducing change in values attitudes, and behaviors: Belief system theory and the method of value self-confrontation’ Journal of Social Issues 50 153–173

    Google Scholar 

  • F. G. Kaiser (1998) ArticleTitle‘A general measure of ecological behavior’ Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28 395–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T.: in press, ‘Frugality, generosity, and materialism in children and adolescents’, in Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development: What Do Children Need to Flourish? (Kluwer/Plenum, New York).

  • T. Kasser (2002) ‘Sketches for a Self-determination theory of values’ E. L. Deci R. M. Ryan (Eds) Handbook of Self-Determination Research (University of Rochester Press Rochester NY 123–140

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Kasser R. M. Ryan (1996) ArticleTitle‘Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals’ Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 280–287

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Kasser K. M. Sheldon (2002) ArticleTitle‘What makes for a merry Christmas?’ Journal of Happiness Studies 3 313–329 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1021516410457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. M. Kishton K. F. Widaman (1994) ArticleTitle‘Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example’ Educational and Psychological Measurement 54 757–765

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Leonard-Barton (1981) ArticleTitle‘Voluntary simplicity lifestyles and energy conservation’ Journal of Consumer Research 8 243–252 Occurrence Handle10.1086/208861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. E. Levin S. Linn (2004) ‘The commercialization of childhood: Understanding the problem and finding solutions’ T. Kasser A. D. Kanner (Eds) Psychology and Consumer Culture: The Struggle for a Good Life in a Materialistic World American Psychological Association Washington, DC 213–232

    Google Scholar 

  • R. C. MacCallum J. T. Austin (2000) ArticleTitle‘Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research’ Annual Review of Psychology 51 201–226 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201 Occurrence Handle10751970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. P. MacKinnon C. M. Lockwood J. M. Hoffman S. G. West V. Sheets (2002) ArticleTitle‘A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects’ Psychological Methods 7 83–104 Occurrence Handle10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83 Occurrence Handle11928892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, B.: 2002, Growing Up Global: The Common Future of Rich and Poor. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/global/briefing.html, January 15, 2004.

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameMerck Family Fund (1995) Yearning for Balance: Views of Americans on Consumption, Materialism, and the Environment Author Milton, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Myers E. Diener (1995) ArticleTitle‘Who is happy?’ Psychological Science 6 10–19

    Google Scholar 

  • C. N. Nickerson N. Schwarz E. Diener D. Kahneman (2003) ArticleTitle‘Zeroing in on the dark side of the American Dream: A closer look at the negative consequences of the goal for financial success’ Psychological Science 14 531–536 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1461.x Occurrence Handle14629682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W. Pavot E. Diener E. Suh (1998) ArticleTitle‘The temporal satisfaction with life scale’ Journal of Personality Assessment 70 340–354

    Google Scholar 

  • L. B. Pierce (2000) Choosing Simplicity: Real People Finding Peace and Fulfillment in a Complex World Gallagher Press Carmel, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Princen (1997) ArticleTitle‘Toward a theory of restraint’ Population and Environment 18 233–254 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02208422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. H. Ray (1997) ArticleTitle‘The emerging culture’ American Demographics 19 28–34

    Google Scholar 

  • M. L. Richins S. Dawson (1992) ArticleTitle‘A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation’ Journal of Consumer Research 19 303–316 Occurrence Handle10.1086/209304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. L. Rosenberg (2004) ‘Mindfulness and consumerism’ T. Kasser A. D. Kanner (Eds) Psychology and Consumer Culture: The Struggle for a Good life in a Materialistic world American Psychological Association Washington DC 107–125

    Google Scholar 

  • J. B. Schor (1998) The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer Basic Books New York

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Shama (1988) ArticleTitle‘The voluntary simplicity consumer: A comparative study’ Psychological Reports 63 859–869

    Google Scholar 

  • K. M. Sheldon H. McGregor (2000) ArticleTitle‘Extrinsic value orientation and the tragedy of the commons’ Journal of Personality 68 383–411 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-6494.00101 Occurrence Handle10820691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. E. Shi (1985) The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture Oxford University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Sohr (2001) Eco-activism and well-being: Between flow and burnout’ P. Schmuck K.M. Sheldon (Eds) Life Goals and Well-Being: Towards a Positive Psychology of Human Striving Hogrefe and Huber Seattle, WA 202–215

    Google Scholar 

  • M. D. Springer W. E. Thompson (1966) ArticleTitle‘The distribution of independent random variables’ SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 14 511–526 Occurrence Handle10.1137/0114046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameUnited Nations Environment Programme (2002) North America’s Environment: A Thirty-Year State of the Environment and Policy Retrospective Author Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Wackernagel W. Rees (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth New Society Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • D. D. Winter (1996) Ecological Psychology: Healing the Split Between Planet and Self HarperCollins New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kirk Warren Brown.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brown, K.W., Kasser, T. Are Psychological and Ecological Well-being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle. Soc Indic Res 74, 349–368 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8

Keywords

Navigation