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Trichodinidae in commercial fish in South America

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Abstract

Ciliates of the family Trichodinidae are protozoan parasites of importance for fish farming in South America, given that at high infestation levels, they cause significant mortality among farmed fish. Although data on economic losses due to parasitosis are not available for South America, mortality outbreaks correlated to trichodinids are very common in the tilapia production chain, especially in Brazil, the largest aquaculture chain in the country. In Brazil in the past, trichodinids were considered only as Trichodina sp. Today, they have been better studied and identified taxonomically in wild and farmed fish. However, in other countries in South America, trichodinids continue to be described only as Trichodina sp. This review presents the history of occurrences of trichodinids in fish of interest in South America, highlighting 15 new species that have been described in three genera in Brazil, along with information on parasite-host-environment relationships, diagnostic methods and treatments. The occurrence of parasitic ciliates must be correlated with farming conditions such as stress factors, water quality, seasonality, age and host immunity to elucidate the critical points of each production system. Furthermore, for tropical fish, studies on treatment against trichodinid species are needed to provide support for approval of antiparasitic medications for use in fish farming. However, it is recommended that the production sector use intensive production systems that are more sustainable, with biosafety protocols, to increase production and productivity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Daniel Chaves Webber, analyst at Embrapa Fishery and Aquaculture, for drawing up the cartogram presented in this document; National Council for Research and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) for its technical support given to Dr. M. Tavares-Dias; and SEBRAE (Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service), CNPq (Amazon Pirarucu Project) and Embrapa (Project MP2-01/2012) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura, Postal Box 90, Palmas, TO, 77008-900, Brazil

    Patricia Oliveira Maciel

  2. Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/SAA, Postal Box 61, Votuporanga, SP, 15500-970, Brazil

    Fabiana Garcia

  3. Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Postal Box 319, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil

    Edsandra Campos Chagas

  4. Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Avenida Beira Mar, 3250, Bairro Jardins, Aracaju, SE, 49025-040, Brazil

    Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto

  5. Embrapa Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 5, 2600, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil

    Marcos Tavares-Dias

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  1. Patricia Oliveira Maciel
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Maciel, P.O., Garcia, F., Chagas, E.C. et al. Trichodinidae in commercial fish in South America. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 28, 33–56 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-017-9490-1

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