Summary
The cyclization of N-β-hydroxyethyl-1,3-propanediamine to homopiperazine proceeded effectively over a Cu-Cr-Ba-Al2O3 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. The addition of Ba to the Cu-based catalyst improved the dispersion of copper and prevented it from sintering.
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Wang, H., Chen, L., Luan, D. et al. A continuous process for the synthesis of homopiperazine catalyzed by Cu-based catalysts . React Kinet Catal Lett 89, 201–208 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-006-0129-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-006-0129-9