Abstract
Objective
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional illness associated with significant impairment in quality of life. Compared to men, women are more likely to meet criteria for IBS, to seek treatment, and experience greater detriments in quality of life. In addition to physiological factors, psychosocial factors may contribute to such gender differences. We examined whether traits associated with masculine (agentic) and feminine (communal) gender roles were linked with adjustment to IBS.
Methods
Women with IBS (N = 144) completed online self-report measures of gender-related traits (agency, communion, unmitigated agency, unmitigated communion, lack of agency, lack of communion), IBS-specific quality of life (IBS-QOL), and psychological adjustment (negative and positive affect).
Results
Agency was positively associated with all dimensions of IBS-QOL and psychological adjustment. Select dimensions of IBS-QOL were lower among women higher in unmitigated agency (social reactions, body image) or unmitigated communion (interference with activity), and both traits were associated with increased negative affect. Lack of agency was associated with increased IBS-QOL (food avoidance) and decreased positive affect. Communion and lack of communion were not associated with either IBS-QOL or psychological adjustment.
Conclusions
Findings may help elucidate psychosocial factors contributing to quality of life among women with IBS.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AG:
-
Agency
- CM:
-
Communion
- UA:
-
Unmitigated agency
- UC:
-
Unmitigated communion
- LA:
-
Lack of agency
- LC:
-
Lack of communion
- IBS:
-
Irritable bowel syndrome
- IBS-QOL:
-
IBS-specific quality of life
- HRQOL:
-
Health-related quality of life
- PA:
-
Positive affect
- NA:
-
Negative affect
References
Longstreth, G. F., Thompson, W. G., Chey, W. D., Houghton, L. A., Mearin, F., & Spiller, R. C. (2006). Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology, 130, 1480–1491.
Saito, Y. A., Schoenfeld, P., & Locke, G. R. (2002). The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in North America: A systematic review. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, 1910–1915.
Chang, L., Toner, B. B., Fukudo, S., Guthrie, E., Locke, G. R., Norton, N. J., et al. (2006). Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient’s perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology, 130, 1435–1446.
Hollowell, J., Lundgren, A., & Johansson, S. (2002). Irritable bowel syndrome: Patterns of ambulatory health care and resource use in the United States, 1993–1997. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 47, 1115–1121.
Bertram, S., Kurland, M., Lydick, E., Locke, G. R., III, & Yawn, B. P. (2001). The patient’s perspective of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Family Practice, 50, 521–525.
Hahn, B. A., Yan, S., & Strassels, S. (1999). Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life and resource use in the United States and United Kingdom. Digestion, 60, 77–81.
Gralnek, I. M., Hays, R. D., Kilbourne, A., Naliboff, B., & Mayer, E. A. (2000). The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology, 119, 654–660.
Chang, L., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2002). Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 123, 1686–1701.
Toner, B. B., Segal, Z. V., Emmott, S. D., & Myran, D. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: The brain-gut connection. New York: Guilford Press.
Toner, B. B., & Akman, D. (2000). Gender role and irritable bowel syndrome: Literature review and hypothesis. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, 11–16.
Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412–428.
Helgeson, V. S., & Fritz, H. L. (1999). Unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion: Distinctions from agency and communion. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 131–158.
Saragovi, C., Koestner, R., Di Dio, L., & Aube, J. (1997). Agency, communion, and well-being: Extending Helgeson’s (1994) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 593–609.
Whitley, B. E. (1983). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 765–778.
Helgeson, V. S., & Lepore, S. J. (2004). Quality of life following prostate cancer: The role of agency and unmitigated agency. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2559–2585.
Trudeau, K. J., Danoff-Burg, S., Revenson, T. A., & Paget, S. A. (2003). Agency and communion in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Sex Roles, 49, 303–311.
Ghaed, S. G., & Gallo, L. C. (2006). Distinctions among agency, communion, and unmitigated agency and communion according to the interpersonal circumplex, five-factor model, and social-emotional correlates. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 77–88.
Korabik, K., & McCreary, D. R. (2000). Testing a model of socially desirable and undesirable gender-role attributes. Sex Roles, 43, 665–685.
McCreary, D. R., & Korabik, K. (1994). Examining the relationships between the socially desirable and undesirable aspects of agency and communion. Sex Roles, 31, 637–651.
Helgeson, V. S., & Fritz, H. L. (2000). The implications of unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion for domains of problem behavior. Journal of Personality, 68, 1031–1057.
Fritz, H. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (1998). Distinctions of unmitigated communion from communion: Self-neglect and over involvement with others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 121–140.
Helgeson, V. S. (1993). Implications of agency and communion for patient and spouse adjustment to a first coronary event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 807–816.
Danoff-Burg, S., Mosher, C. E., & Grant, C. A. (2006). Relations of agentic and communal personality traits to health behavior and substance use among college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 353–363.
Helgeson, V. S. (1990). The role of masculinity in a prognostic predictor of heart attack severity. Sex Roles, 22, 755–774.
Helgeson, V. S. (2003). Unmitigated communion and adjustment to breast cancer: Associations and explanations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1643–1661.
Helgeson, V. S., & Fritz, H. L. (1998). A theory of unmitigated communion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 173–183.
Wiggins, J. S. (1995). Interpersonal adjectives scales: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Ali, A., Richardson, D. C., & Toner, B. B. (1998). Feminine gender role and illness behavior in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health, 3, 59–65.
Hirokawa, K., & Dohi, I. (2007). Agency and communion related to mental health in Japanese young adults. Sex Roles, 56, 517–524.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Holahan, C. K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1673–1682.
Helgeson, V. S., Escobar, O., Siminerio, L., & Becker, D. (2007). Unmitigated communion and health among adolescents with and without diabetes: The mediating role of eating disturbances. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 519–536.
Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P., & Phillips, N. (1988). Psychometric and geometric characteristics of the revised interpersonal adjective scales (IAS-R). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23, 517–530.
Wiggins, J. S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. Thinking Clearly About Psychology, 2, 89–113.
Patrick, D. L., Drossman, D. A., Frederick, I. O., Dicesare, J., & Puder, K. L. (1998). Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome: Development and validation of a new measure. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 43, 400–411.
Patrick, D. L., Drossman, D. A., & Frederick, I. O. (1997). A quality-of-life measure for persons with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-QOL). User’s manual and scoring diskette for United States version. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
Drossman, D. A., Corrazziari, E., Delvaux, M., Spiller, R., Talley, N. J., Thompson, W. G., et al. (2006). Rome III: The functional gastrointestinal disorders. McLean, VA: Degnon Associates.
Downey, R. G., & King, C. (1998). Missing data in likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 175–191.
Danoff-Burg, S., Revenson, T. A., Trudeau, K. J., & Paget, S. A. (2004). Unmitigated communion, social constraints, and psychological distress among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Personality, 72, 29–46.
Fritz, H. L. (2000). Gender-linked personality traits predict mental health and functional status following a first coronary event. Health Psychology, 19, 420–428.
Lengua, L. J., & Stormshak, E. A. (2000). Gender, gender roles, and personality: Gender differences in the prediction of coping and psychological symptoms. Sex Roles, 43, 787–820.
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925–971.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kressin, N. R., Spiro, A., III, & Skinner, K. M. (2000). Negative affectivity and health-related quality of life. Medical Care, 38, 858–867.
Parsons, E. M., & Betz, N. E. (2001). The relationship of participation in sports and physical activity to body objectification, instrumentality, and locus of control among young women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 209–222.
Stanton, A. L., Revenson, T. A., & Tennen, H. (2007). Health psychology: Psychological adjustment to chronic disease. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 565–592.
Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Voci, S.C., Cramer, K.M. Gender-related traits, quality of life, and psychological adjustment among women with irritable bowel syndrome. Qual Life Res 18, 1169–1176 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9532-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9532-9