Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Elucidation of the molecular structures of components of the phycobilisome: reconstructing a giant

  • Review
  • Published:
Photosynthesis Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The molecular architectures of photosynthetic complexes are rapidly becoming available through the power of X-ray crystallography. These complexes are comprised of antenna complexes, which absorb and transfer energy into photochemical reaction centers. Most reaction centers, found in both oxygenic and non-oxygenic species, are connected to transmembrane chlorophyll containing antennas, and the crystal structures of these antennas contain information on the structure of the entire complex as well as clear indications on their modes of functional association. In cyanobacteria and red alga, most of the Photosystem II associated light harvesting is performed by an enormous (3–7 MDa) membrane attached complex called the phycobilisome (PBS). While the crystal structures of many isolated components of different PBSs have been determined, the structure of the entire complex as well as its manner of association with Photosystem II can only be suggested. In this review, the structural information obtained on the isolated components will be described. The structural information obtained from the components provides the basis for the modeled reconstruction of this giant complex.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

APC:

allophycocyanin

Cc-PC:

Cyanidium caldarium phycocyanin

Fd-PC:

Fremyella diplosiphon phycocyanin

Gm-PE:

Griffithisia monilis phycoerythrin

LHC:

light harvesting complex

Ml-APC:

Mastigoclaudus laminosus allophycocyanin

Ml-PC:

Mastigoclaudus laminosus phycocyanin

NMA :

γ-N-methyl asparagines

PBPs:

phycobiliproteins

PBSs:

phycobilisomes

PC:

phycocyanin

PCB:

phycocyanobilin cofactor

PDB:

the Protein Data Bank

PE:

phycoerythrobilin

PEB:

phycoerythrin

PEC:

phycoerythrocyanin

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PS I:

Photosystem I

PS II:

Photosystem II

rms:

root mean square

Ps-PE:

Porphyridium sordidum phycoerythrin

Pu-PC:

Polysiphonia urceolata phycocyanin

Py-APC:

Porphyra yezoensis allophycocyanin

S7-PC:

Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 phycocyanin

Sp-APC:

Spirulina platensis allophycocyanin

Sp-PC:

Spirulina platensis phycocyanin

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

Te-PC:

Thermosynechcoccus elongatus phycocyanin

Tv-PC:

Thermosynechcoccus vulcanus phycocyanin

References

  • N. Adir Y. Dobrovetsky N. Lerner (2001) ArticleTitleStructure of C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus at 2.5 Å: structural implications for thermal stability in phycobilisome assembly J Mol Biol. 313 71–81

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Adir N. Lerner (2003) ArticleTitleThe crystal structure of a novel unmethylated form of C-phycocyanin, a possible connector between cores and rods in pycobilisomes J Biol Chem. 278 25926–25932

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Adir R. Vainer N. Lerner (2002) ArticleTitleRefined structure of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus at 1.6 Å: insights into the role of solvent molecules in thermal stability and co-factor structure Biochim Biophys Acta. 1556 168–174

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Adir H. Zer S. Shochat I. Ohad (2003) ArticleTitlePhotoinhibition – a historical perspective Photosynth Res. 76 343–370

    Google Scholar 

  • LK. Anderson CM. Toole (1998) ArticleTitleA model for early events in the assembly pathway of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes Mol Microbiol. 30 467–474

    Google Scholar 

  • KE. Apt JL. Collier AR. Grossman (1995) ArticleTitleEvolution of the phycobiliproteins J Mol Biol. 248 79–96

    Google Scholar 

  • CL. Aspinwall M. Sarcina CW. Mullineaux (2004) ArticleTitlePhycobilisome mobility in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC 7942 IssueIDis influenced by the trimerisation of Photosystem I. Photosynth Res. 79 179–187

    Google Scholar 

  • SM. Awramik (1992) ArticleTitleThe oldest records of photosynthesis Photosynth Res. 33 75–89

    Google Scholar 

  • WF. Beck K. Sauer (1992) ArticleTitleEnergy-transfer and exciton-state relaxation processes in allophycocyanin J Phys Chem. 96 4658–4666

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Bennett L. Bogorad (1973) ArticleTitleComplementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga J Cell Biol. 58 419–435

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Ben-Shem F. Frolow N. Nelson (2003) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of plant photosystem I Nature. 426 630–635

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship RE., Olson JM., Miller M. (1995). Antenna complexes from green photosynthetic bacteria, In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT and Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria, pp. 399–435. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

  • K. Brejc R. Ficner R. Huber S. Steinbacher (1995) ArticleTitleIsolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of allophycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis at 2.3 Å resolution J Mol Biol. 249 424–440

    Google Scholar 

  • JJ. Brocks GA. Logan R. Buick RE. Summons (1999) ArticleTitleArchean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes Science. 285 1033–1036

    Google Scholar 

  • DA. Bryant G. Cohen-Bazire (1981) ArticleTitleEffects of chromatic illumination on cyanobacterial phycobilisomes Evidence for the specific induction of a second pair of phycocyanin subunits in Pseudanabaena 7409 IssueIDgrown in red light. Eur J Biochem. 119 415–424

    Google Scholar 

  • DA. Bryant AN. Glazer FA. Eiserling (1976) ArticleTitleCharacterization and structural properties of the major biliproteins of Anabaena sp Arch Microbiol. 110 61–75

    Google Scholar 

  • DA. Bryant G. Guiglielmi N. Tandeaude Marsac A. Castets G. Cohen-Bazire (1979) ArticleTitleThe structure of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes: a model Arch Microbiol. 123 113–127

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Buick (1992) ArticleTitleThe antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archaean lakes Science. 255 74–77

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Capuano AS. Braux N. Tandeaude Marsac J. Houmard (1991) ArticleTitleThe “anchor polypeptide” of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes Molecular characterization of the Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 IssueIDapce gene. J Biol Chem. 266 7239–7247

    Google Scholar 

  • WR. Chang T. Jiang ZL. Wan JP. Zhang ZX. Yang DC. Liang (1996) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of R-phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urceolata at 2.8 Å resolution J Mol Biol. 262 721–731

    Google Scholar 

  • JL. Collier AR. Grossman (1994) ArticleTitleA small polypeptide triggers complete degradation of light-harvesting phycobiliproteins in nutrient-deprived cyanobacteria EMBO J. 13 1039–1047

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Cramer (1862) ArticleTitleDas Rhodospermin, ein krystalloidischer, quellbarer Korper, im Zellinhalt verschiedener Florideen Vierteljahrsschr Naturforsch Ges Zurich. 7 350–365

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Danielsson PA. Albertsson F. Mamedov S. Styring (2004) ArticleTitleQuantification of Photosystem I and II in different parts of the thylakoid membrane from spinach Biochim Biophys Acta. 1608 53–61

    Google Scholar 

  • AM. Davis SJ. Teague GJ. Kleywegt (2003) ArticleTitleApplication and limitations of X-ray crystallographic data in structure-based ligand and drug design Angew Chem Int Ed. 42 2718–2736

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Lorimier ParticleDe DA. Bryant SE. Stevens SuffixJr. (1990) ArticleTitleGenetic analysis of a 9 kDa phycocyanin-associated linker polypeptide Biochim Biophys Acta. 1019 29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • R. De Lorimier G. Guglielmi DA. Bryant SE. Stevens SuffixJr. (1990) ArticleTitleStructure and mutation of a gene encoding a Mr 33,000 phycocyanin-associated linker polypeptide Arch Microbiol. 153 541–549

    Google Scholar 

  • DJ. De Marais (2000) ArticleTitleEvolution When did photosynthesis emerge on Earth?. Science. 289 1703–1705

    Google Scholar 

  • MP. Debreczeny K. Sauer J. Zhou DA. Bryant (1993) ArticleTitleMonomeric C-phycocyanin at room temperature and 77 K: resolution of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the individual chromophores and the energy-transfer rate constants J Phys Chem. 97 9852–9862

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Ducret SA. Muller KN. Goldie A. Hefti WA. Sidler H. Zuber A. Engel (1998) ArticleTitleReconstitution, characterization and mass analysis of the pentacylindrical allophycocyanin core complex from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 IssueIDJ Mol Biol. 278 369–388

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Duerring R. Huber W. Bode (1988) ArticleTitleThe structure of gamma- N-methylasparagine in C-phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus and Agmenellum quadriplicatum FEBS Lett. 236 167–170

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Duerring R. Huber W. Bode R. Ruembeli H. Zuber (1990) ArticleTitleRefined three-dimensional structure of phycoerythrocyanin from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus at 2.7 Å J Mol Biol. 211 633–644

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Duerring GB. Schmidt R. Huber (1991) ArticleTitleIsolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of constitutive C-phycocyanin from the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon at 1.66 Å resolution J Mol Biol. 217 577–592

    Google Scholar 

  • MD. Edington RE. Riter WF. Beck (1995) ArticleTitleEvidence for coherent energy transfer in allophycocyanin trimers J Phys Chem. 99 15699–15704

    Google Scholar 

  • MD. Edington RE. Riter WF. Beck (1996) ArticleTitleInterexciton-state relaxation and exciton localization in allophycocyanin trimers J Phys Chem. 100 14206–14217

    Google Scholar 

  • MR. Edwards R. MacColl LE. Eisele (1996) ArticleTitleSome physical properties of an unusual C-phycocyanin isolated from a photosynthetic thermophile Biochim Biophys Acta. 1276 64–70

    Google Scholar 

  • KN. Ferreira TM. Iverson K. Maghlaoui J. Barber S. Iwata (2004) ArticleTitleArchitecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center Science. 303 1831–1838

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ficner K. Lobeck G. Schmidt R. Huber (1992) ArticleTitleIsolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of B-phycoerythrin from the red alga Porphyridium sordidum at 2.2 Å resolution J Mol Biol. 228 935–950

    Google Scholar 

  • RG. Fisher NE. Woods HE. Fuchs RM. Sweet (1980) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structures of C-phycocyanin and B-phycoerythrin at 5-Å resolution J Biol Chem. 255 5082–5089

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Forster (1948) ArticleTitleZwischenmolekulare Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz Ann Physik. 2 55–75

    Google Scholar 

  • N-U Frigaard EV Vassilieva H Li KJ Milks J Zhao DA Bryant (2001) The remarkable chlorosome In: PS2001 Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, Vol. S1. CSIRO Publishing Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Gantt SF. Conti (1966) ArticleTitleGranules associated with the chloroplast lamellae of Porphyridium cruentum J Cell Biol. 29 423–434

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Gantt SF. Conti (1966) ArticleTitlePhycobiliprotein localization in algae Brookhaven Symp Biol. 19 393–405

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Glauser DA. Bryant G. Frank E. Wehrli SS. Rusconi W. Sidler H. Zuber (1992) ArticleTitlePhycobilisome structure in the cyanobacteria Mastigocladus laminosus and Anabaena sp PCC Eur J Biochem. 7120 IssueID205 907–915

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Glauser VL. Stirewalt DA. Bryant W. Sidler H. Zuber (1992) ArticleTitleStructure of the genes encoding the rod-core linker polypeptides of Mastigocladus laminosus phycobilisomes and functional aspects of the phycobiliprotein/linker-polypeptide interactions Eur J Biochem. 205 927–937

    Google Scholar 

  • AN. Glazer (1985) ArticleTitleLight harvesting by phycobilisomes Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 14 47–77

    Google Scholar 

  • AN. Glazer (1989) ArticleTitleLight guides Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna. J Biol Chem. 264 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • AN. Glazer DJ. Lundell G. Yamanaka RC. Williams (1983) ArticleTitleThe structure of a “simple” phycobilisome Ann Microbiol (Paris). 134 159–180

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameGomez-Lojero C B Perez-Gomez G Shen WM Schluchter DA Bryant (2003) ArticleTitleInteraction of ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase with phycobilisomes and phycobilisome substructures of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 Biochemistry 42 13800–13811

    Google Scholar 

  • AR. Grossman MR. Schaefer GG. Chiang JL. Collier (1993) ArticleTitleThe phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental conditions Microbiol Rev. 57 725–749

    Google Scholar 

  • AR. Grossman D. Bhaya Q. He (2001) ArticleTitleTracking the light environment by cyanobacteria and the dynamic nature of light harvesting J Biol Chem. 276 11449–11452

    Google Scholar 

  • *Hedges SB., Chen H., Kumar S, Wang DY., Thompson AS., Watanabe H. (2001). A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes. BMC Evol Biol. 1:4

  • Hedges SB., Blair JE., Venturi ML., Shoe JL. (2004). A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evol Biol. 4:2

    Google Scholar 

  • BJ. Homoelle WF. Beck (1997) ArticleTitleSolvent Accessibility of the phycocyanobilin chromophore in the R subunit of C-phycocyanin: implications for a molecular mechanism for inertial protein–matrix solvation dynamics Biochemistry. 36 12970–12975

    Google Scholar 

  • BJ. Homoelle MD. Edington WM. Diffey WF. Beck (1998) ArticleTitleStimulated photon-echo and transient-grating studies of protein–matrix solvation dynamics and interexciton-state radiationless decay in alpha phycocyanin and allophycocyanin J Phys Chem. 102 3044–3052

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Huber (1989) ArticleTitleNobel lecture A structural basis of light energy and electron transfer in biology. EMBO J. 8 2125–2147

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Inoue T. Emi Y. Yamane Y. Kashino H. Koike K. Satoh (2000) ArticleTitleEffects of high-temperature treatments on a thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus Plant Cell Physiol. 41 515–522

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Isono T. Katoh (1987) ArticleTitleSubparticles of anabaena phycobilisomes II Molecular assembly of allophycocyanin cores in reference to “anchor” protein. Arch Biochem Biophys. 256 317–324

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Jiang J. Zhang D. Liang (1999) ArticleTitleStructure and function of chromophores in R-phycoerythrin at 1.9 Å resolution Proteins. 34 224–231

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Jiang JP. Zhang WR. Chang DC. Liang (2001) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of R-phycocyanin and possible energy transfer pathways in the phycobilisome Biophys J. 81 1171–1179

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Jordan P. Fromme HT. Witt O. Klukas W. Saenger N. Krauss (2001) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial Photosystem I at 2.5 Å resolution Nature. 411 909–917

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Kamiya JR. Shen (2003) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of oxygen-evolving Photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-Å resolution Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 98–103

    Google Scholar 

  • DM. Kehoe AR. Grossman (1994) ArticleTitleComplementary chromatic adaptation: photoperception to gene regulation Semin Cell Biol. 5 303–313

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Kirilovsky I. Ohad (1986) ArticleTitleFunctional assembly in vitro of phycobilisomes with isolated Photosystem II particles of eukaryotic chloroplasts J Biol Chem. 261 12317–12323

    Google Scholar 

  • AV. Klotz JA. Leary AN. Glazer (1986) ArticleTitlePost-translational methylation of asparaginyl residues Identification of β- 71 IssueIDγ- N-methylasparagine in allophycocyanin. J Biol Chem. 261 15891–15894

    Google Scholar 

  • AH. Knoll RK. Bambach DE. Canfield JP. Grotzinger (1996) ArticleTitleComparative earth history and late permian mass extinction Science. 273 452–457

    Google Scholar 

  • RS. Knox (1999) ArticleTitleUltrashort processes and biology J Photochem Photobiol B. 49 81–88

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Koepke X. Hu C. Muenke K. Schulten H. Michel (1996) ArticleTitleThe crystal structure of the light-harvesting complex II (B800–850) from Rhodospirillum molischianum Structure. 4 581–597

    Google Scholar 

  • VA. Kostyuchenko PG. Leiman PR. Chipman S. Kanamaru MJ. Raaij Particlevan F. Arisaka VV. Mesyanzhinov MG. Rossmann (2003) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structure of bacteriophage T4 baseplate Nat Struct Biol. 10 688–693

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Kuhlbrandt DN. Wang (1991) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structure of plant light-harvesting complex determined by electron crystallography Nature. 350 130–134

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Li LA. Sherman (2002) ArticleTitleCharacterization of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and Δnbl mutants under nitrogen-deficient conditions Arch Microbiol. 178 256–266

    Google Scholar 

  • JY. Liu T. Jiang JP. Zhang DC. Liang (1999) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of allophycocyanin from red algae Porphyra yezoensis at 2.2-Å resolution J Biol Chem. 274 16945–16952

    Google Scholar 

  • JY. Liu JP. Zhang ZL. Wan DC. Liang HJ. Wu (1998) ArticleTitleCrystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of allophycocyanin from red alga Porphyra yezoensis Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 54 662–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Liu H. Yan K. Wang T. Kuang J. Zhang L. Gui X. An W. Chang (2004) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of spinach major light-harvesting complex at 2.72 Å resolution Nature. 428 287–292

    Google Scholar 

  • DJ. Lundell AN. Glazer (1983) ArticleTitleMolecular architecture of a light-harvesting antenna Structure of the 18 IssueIDS core–rod subassembly of the Synechococcus 6301 phycobilisome. J Biol Chem. 258 894–901

    Google Scholar 

  • R. MacColl (1998) ArticleTitleCyanobacterial phycobilisomes J Struct Biol. 124 311–34

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Molisch (1894) ArticleTitleDas phycoerythrin, seine Krystallisirbarkeit und chemische Natur Bot Z. 52 177–189

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Molisch (1895) ArticleTitleDas Phycocyan, ein krystallisirbarer Eiweisskorper Natur Bot Z. 53 131–135

    Google Scholar 

  • GA. Montano BP. Bowen JT. LaBelle NW. Woodbury VB. Pizziconi RE. Blankenship (2003) ArticleTitleCharacterization of Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes: a calculation of bacteriochlorophyll c per chlorosome and oligomer modeling Biophys J. 85 2560–2565

    Google Scholar 

  • CW. Mullineaux MJ. Tobin GR. Jones (1997) ArticleTitleMobility of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes Nature. 390 421–424

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Nield PJ. Rizkallah J. Barber NE. Chayen (2003) ArticleTitleThe 1.45 Å three-dimensional structure of C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus J Struct Biol. 141 149–155

    Google Scholar 

  • JM. Olson (1998) ArticleTitleChlorophyll organization and function in green photosynthetic bacteria Photochem Photobiol. 67 61–75

    Google Scholar 

  • AK. Padyana VB. Bhat KM. Madyastha KR. Rajashankar S. Ramakumar (2001) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of a light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 282 893–898

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Pastore AM. Lesk (1990) ArticleTitleComparison of the structures of globins and phycocyanins: evidence for evolutionary relationship Proteins. 8 133–155

    Google Scholar 

  • SA. Pizarro K. Sauer (2001) ArticleTitleSpectroscopic study of the light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin associated with colorless linker peptides Photochem Photobiol. 73 556–563

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Prasil N Adir I Ohad (1992) Dynamics of Photosystem II: mechanism of photoinhibition and recovery processes J Barber (Eds) The Photosystems: Structure, Function and Molecular Biology Elsievier Science Publishers Amsterdam 295–348

    Google Scholar 

  • SM. Prince MZ. Papiz AA. Freer G. McDermott AM. Hawthornthwaite-Lawless RJ. Cogdell NW. Isaacs (1997) ArticleTitleApoprotein structure in the LH2 complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050: modular assembly and protein pigment interactions J Mol Biol. 268 412–423

    Google Scholar 

  • MG. Rakhimberdieva VA. Boichenko NV. Karapetyan IN. Stadnichuk (2001) ArticleTitleInteraction of phycobilisomes with Photosystem II dimers and photosystem I monomers and trimers in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis Biochemistry. 40 15780–15788

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Reuter G. Wiegand R. Huber ME. Than (1999) ArticleTitleStructural analysis at 2.2 Å of orthorhombic crystals presents the asymmetry of the allophycocyanin-linker complex, AP.LC7.8 from phycobilisomes of Mastigocladus laminosus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7 IssueID96 1363–1368

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Richaud G. Zabulon A. Joder JC. Thomas (2001) ArticleTitleNitrogen or sulfur starvation differentially affects phycobilisome degradation and expression of the nblA gene in Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 J Bacteriol. 183 2989–2994

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Ritter RG. Hiller PM. Wrench W. Welte K. Diederichs (1999) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of a phycourobilin-containing phycoerythrin at 1.90-Å resolution J Struct Biol. 126 86–97

    Google Scholar 

  • AW. Roszak TD. Howard J. Southall AT. Gardiner CJ. Law NW. Isaacs RJ. Cogdell (2003) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of the RC-LH1 core complex from Rhodopseudomonas palustris Science. 302 1969–1972

    Google Scholar 

  • WA. Samsonoff R. MacColl (2001) ArticleTitleBiliproteins and phycobilisomes from cyanobacteria and red algae at the extremes of habitat Arch Microbiol. 176 400–405

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Sarcina MJ. Tobin CW. Mullineaux (2001) ArticleTitleDiffusion of phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 7942 Effects of phycobilisome size, temperature, and membrane lipid composition. J Biol Chem. 276 46830–46834

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Saridakis NE. Chayen (2003) ArticleTitleSystematic improvement of protein crystals by determining the supersolubility curves of phase diagrams Biophys J. 84 1218–1222

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Sauer H. Scheer (1988) ArticleTitleExitation transfer in C-phycocyanin Forster transfer rate and exciton calculations based on new crystal structure data for C-phycocyanins from Agmenellum quadruplaticum and Mastigocladus laminosus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 936 157–170

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Schirmer W. Bode R. Huber (1987) ArticleTitleRefined three-dimensional structures of two cyanobacterial C-phycocyanins at 2.1 and 2.5 Å resolution A common principle of phycobilin–protein interaction. J Mol Biol. 196 677–695

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Schirmer W. Bode R. Huber W. Sidler H. Zuber (1985) ArticleTitleX-ray crystallographic structure of the light-harvesting biliprotein C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus and its resemblance to globin structures J Mol Biol. 184 257–277

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Schirmer R. Huber M. Schneider W. Bode M. Miller ML. Hackert (1986) ArticleTitleCrystal structure analysis and refinement at 2.5 A of hexameric C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum The molecular model and its implications for light-harvesting J Mol Biol. 188 651–676

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Schluenzen A. Tocilj R. Zarivach J. Harms M. Gluehmann D. Janell A. Bashan H. Bartels I. Agmon F. Franceschi A. Yonath (2000) ArticleTitleStructure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution Cell. 102 615–623

    Google Scholar 

  • GF. Searle J. Barber G. Porter CJ. Tredwell (1978) ArticleTitlePicosecond time-resolved energy transfer in Porphyridium cruentum Part II. In the isolated light harvesting complex (phycobilisomes) Biochim Biophys Acta. 501 246–256

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Shen S. Boussiba WF. Vermaas (1993) ArticleTitleSynechocystis sp PCC 6803 strains lacking Photosystem I and phycobilisome function Plant Cell. 5 1853–1863

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Stec RF. Troxler MM. Teeter (1999) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of C-phycocyanin from Cyanidium caldarium provides a new perspective on phycobilisome assembly Biophys J. 76 2912–2921

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Svedberg NB. Lewis (1928) ArticleTitleThe molecular weights of phycoerythrin and of phycocyanin J Am Chem Soc. 50 525–536

    Google Scholar 

  • RV. Swanson AN. Glazer (1990) ArticleTitlePhycobiliprotein methylation Effect of the γ-N-methylasparagine residue on energy transfer in phycocyanin and the phycobilisome. J Mol Biol. 214 787–796

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Tandeaude Marsac (2003) ArticleTitlePhycobiliproteins and phycobilisomes: the early observations Photosynth Res. 76 197–205

    Google Scholar 

  • CS. Ting G. Rocap J. King SW. Chisholm (2002) ArticleTitleCyanobacterial photosynthesis in the oceans: the origins and significance of divergent light-harvesting strategies Trends Microbiol. 10 134–142

    Google Scholar 

  • EV. Vassilieva VL. Stirewalt CU. Jakobs NU. Frigaard K. Inoue-Sakamoto MA. Baker A. Sotak DA. Bryant (2002) ArticleTitleSubcellular localization of chlorosome proteins in chlorobium tepidum and characterization of three new chlorosome proteins: CsmF, CsmH, and CsmX Biochemistry. 41 4358–4370

    Google Scholar 

  • XQ. Wang LN. Li WR. Chang JP. Zhang LL. Gui BJ. Guo DC. Liang (2001) ArticleTitleStructure of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis at 2.2 Å resolution: a novel monoclinic crystal form for phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 57 784–792

    Google Scholar 

  • KE. Wilk SJ. Harrop L. Jankova D. Edler G. Keenan F. Sharples RG. Hiller PM. Curmi (1999) ArticleTitleEvolution of a light-harvesting protein by addition of new subunits and rearrangement of conserved elements: crystal structure of a cryptophyte phycoerythrin at 1.63-Å resolution Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96 8901–8906

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Xiong CE. Bauer (2002) ArticleTitleComplex evolution of photosynthesis Annu Rev Plant Biol. 53 503–521

    Google Scholar 

  • MH. Yu AN. Glazer RC. Williams (1981) ArticleTitleCyanobacterial phycobilisomes. phycocyanin assembly in the rod substructures of anabaena variabilis phycobilisomes J Biol Chem. 256 13130–13136

    Google Scholar 

  • MM. Yusupov GZ. Yusupova A. Baucom K. Lieberman TN. Earnest JH. Cate HF. Noller (2001) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 Å resolution Science. 292 883–896

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Zouni HT. Witt J. Kern P. Fromme N. Krauss W. Saenger P. Orth (2001) ArticleTitleCrystal structure of Photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 Å resolution Nature. 409 739–743

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel

    Noam Adir

Authors
  1. Noam Adir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noam Adir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Adir, N. Elucidation of the molecular structures of components of the phycobilisome: reconstructing a giant. Photosynth Res 85, 15–32 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-004-2143-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-004-2143-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation