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The nexus between extreme weather events, sexual violence, and early marriage: a study of vulnerable populations in Bangladesh

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Abstract

This study aims to explore whether a relationship exists between extreme weather events, sexual violence, and early marriage. We selected two districts in Bangladesh that are vulnerable to extreme weather events: Sunamganj, which experiences flash flooding, and Brahmanbaria, which experiences cyclones and related floods. Survey data was collected from 120 randomly selected household heads from two villages in these districts, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 40 household heads who indicated early marriage was a coping strategy for managing effects of weather events. The mixed-methods study finds that early marriage of daughters is a coping strategy for managing two negative consequences of extreme weather events. First, by minimizing household expenses, householders can pay for damage-related expenses. Second, unmarried daughters may be subject to sexual violence during a crisis, especially in temporary shelters, which would harm both the family’s and daughter’s reputation and prevent future marriage.

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Notes

  1. Based on Ahmed et al. (2010), households’ poverty incidence is defined here by sociodemographic and economic indicators such as gender and educational status of a household head, family size, monthly income, income sources, land ownership, and indebtedness.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Editor of Population and Environment for her insightful suggestions and also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We also would like to express our heartiest thanks to the respondents who provided valuable information and helped us during fieldwork. We are also grateful to Professor Jean-Philippe Platteau (Emeritus, University of Namur, Belgium) who helped to articulate the research idea at its initial stage during the Global Development Network (GDN) workshop in 2013 in Istanbul, Turkey.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Environment and Population, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia

    Khandaker Jafor Ahmed

  2. National Fund for Scientific Research and Centre for Demographic Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Shah Md Atiqul Haq & Françoise Bartiaux

  3. Department of Sociology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh

    Shah Md Atiqul Haq

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  1. Khandaker Jafor Ahmed
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Appendix

Appendix

Survey Questionnaire

Sociodemographic information

  1. 1.

    Gender of the household head: (a) male, (b) female

  2. 2.

    Education of the head:

    (a) cannot read and write, (b) can read and write, (c) primary, (d) secondary, (e) higher secondary

  3. 3.

    Number of members in the household:

  4. 4.

    Income (per month) of the household:

  5. 5.

    Income sources:

    (a) agriculture, (b) business (small), (c) fishing, (d) working others’ land, (e) day labor

  6. 6.

    Land ownership: (a) yes, (b) no

  7. 7.

    Having a loan: (a) yes, (b) no

  8. 8.

    Number of daughters:

  9. 9.

    Number of daughters married:

  10. 10.

    Age of all daughters when they were married:

Daughters

Did she face sexual violence?

(a) yes (b) no

Age of daughters when they were married

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

20+

1

           

2

           

3

           

4

           

5

           

6

           

7

           
  1. 11.

    Do you have a fear that any of your unmarried daughter may face sexual violence in the coming days? (a) yes, (b) no

  2. 12.

    Where do you stay if there is an extreme flood or cyclone?

    (a) Shelter house, (b) In house, (c) Others (please specify)

In-depth Interview Guide

  1. 1.

    Gender of the household head: (a) male, (b) female

  2. 2.

    Age:

  3. 3.

    Can you tell me how many daughters, both married and unmarried, you have?

  4. 4.

    How many of them are married?

  5. 5.

    Can you recall the age of their marriage?

(Questions from 1 to 5 were picked up from the information obtained during questionnaire survey. However, these questions were asked again for crosschecking.)

  1. 6.

    How many daughters were married before 18? Why were they married before 18?

  2. 7.

    Can you tell me what are the problems that you and your household faced during the extreme flood or cyclone? Do floods or cyclones happen frequently?

  3. 8.

    We know that this village is vulnerable to regular flash flooding (or cyclones). When there is an extreme flood (or cyclone), do you go to a shelter house with your unmarried daughters? Do you face any troubles with the daughters?

Now, you will be asked a few more questions about the impacts of extreme weather events on your household, when you go to shelter house, the problems faced by your daughters during extreme weather events, and whether and why you preferred an early marriage for your daughters.

Extreme Weather Events and Shelter Houses

  • Where do you stay when there is an extreme flood or cyclone? Did/do you go to a shelter house? When did you go?

  • What are the reasons to go to a shelter house? Do you find it convenient? What are the drawbacks? Did you or any member of your family face any problem during the stay?

Sexual Violence

  • During an extreme weather event, did your daughters face any problem either in your house or in a shelter house? When did it occur?

  • In your opinion, where are the daughters safe and free from any abuse?

  • How many of your daughters were subjected to sexual violence?

  • In your opinion, what factors create an environment conducive to sexual violence? How?

  • Did you arrange a marriage for any of your daughter(s) after she had faced sexual violence or due to a fear of sexual violence in future?

  • Was it an early marriage? Why?

Early Marriage

  • Do you find any challenges before giving off your daughter(s) for an early marriage?

  • What are the challenges before giving off your daughter(s) for an early marriage?

  • Were there any changes in your household after having your daughters married? What are these changes?

  • Are these changes for the better or the worse?

  • What was the main reason for your opting for an early marriage for your daughter(s)?

  • How do you think that opting for an early marriage for your daughter can affect your family’s and daughter’s reputation?

  • Do you prefer your daughter(s) to be married off into an area not subject to extreme weather events? Why?

  • Have you received any support from the bridegroom’s family during extreme weather events? What kind? When?

  • When and at what age would you prefer your daughter(s) to be married? Why?

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Ahmed, K.J., Haq, S.M.A. & Bartiaux, F. The nexus between extreme weather events, sexual violence, and early marriage: a study of vulnerable populations in Bangladesh. Popul Environ 40, 303–324 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-019-0312-3

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