Abstract
The operation of large-scale telecommunication networks requires energy in different forms. Besides fossil fuels, district heating, and fuels to operate a vehicle fleet, the major energy demand for telecom operator networks is that of electricity. Electricity is needed to power the telecom network itself, the data center equipment, and to supply power to the equipment in offices and workspaces—where the predominant electricity share is consumed by the classic telecom operator network. A large share of this telecom network electricity is currently consumed by legacy network parts inherited from the telephone network era, followed by mobile and fixed access networks with a multitude of distributed active elements for achieving countrywide coverage. Aggregation, core, and optical transport networks only consume modest shares of the overall telecommunication network electricity. The network equipment is accommodated in different classes of network production sites ranging from large indoor central offices to small outdoor sites. The higher their number is, the smaller the respective sites are. Smaller sites essentially provide coverage over large geographical areas and consume only small amounts of electricity per site; however, when combined, their share in total network electricity becomes major. Networking trends are driven by changing user and usage demands and the need to improve the network production efficiency: An example of the former in the wired network is the installation of smaller outdoor network sites to satisfy the increasing user demand for higher bit rate in a value-oriented access network rollout. A prominent example for the latter is the network platform consolidation in the transition toward all-IP networks. Results show that the multitude of small active access network sites for hybrid copper–fiber access systems require increasing amounts of energy for increasing access bit rates—which changes when using the latest copper access technologies or pure fiber-based passive optical access networks. Network platform consolidation improves the network energy efficiency by switching off legacy network platforms and enabling improved degrees of load-adaptive operation.
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Notes
This article is a modified and extended version of the work presented in an invited paper at the 18th Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM) conference [1].
As only electricity is analyzed in the remaining parts of this article, the terms electricity and energy are used synonymously from here to the end to reflect the common practice in large parts of the related literature. However, as it has been discussed in the Introduction, electricity is not necessarily used as the only single form of energy in network operations.
Throughout this article, a site where public access to the Internet is provided locally via one or more WLAN access points is defined as a WLAN hot spot.
As G.fast data rates represent aggregate bit rates (i.e., the sum of downstream and upstream), an upstream-to-downstream ratio of one to five has been assumed for determining the downstream data rate based on the G.fast design targets [10].
Throughout these fixed access network power consumption considerations, only the power consumption of network equipment is calculated and considered—without additional overheads for cooling and uninterruptible power supply.
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Acknowledgments
The work leading to this article was supported in parts by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy via the projects DESI (Durchgängig Energiesensible IKT-Produktion, Pervasively Energy-Efficient ICT Production—http://www.desi-it2green.de/) and ComGreen (Communicate Green—http://www.communicate-green.de/) of the IT2Green programme (http://www.it2green.de/en/). Furthermore, the authors wish to thank Andreas Betker and Jörg Preuschaft of Telekom Innovation Laboratories, Berlin, Germany, for very valuable and helpful discussions.
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Lange, C., Kosiankowski, D., von Hugo, D. et al. Analysis of the energy consumption in telecom operator networks. Photon Netw Commun 30, 17–28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0492-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0492-4