Purpose
The aim of this study was to develop quantitative structure–activity/pharmacokinetic relationships (QSAR/QSPKR) for a series of synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) and pyridines as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors.
Methods
Molecular descriptors of test compounds were generated by 3D molecular modeling using SYBYL and KowWin programs. Forward inclusion coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to derive a QSAR equation for Ca2+ channel binding. A multivariate statistical technique, partial least square (PLS) regression, was applied to derive a QSAR model for P-gp inhibition and QSPKR models. Cross-validation using the “leave-one-out” method was performed to evaluate the predictive performance of models.
Results
For Ca2+ channel binding, the MLR equation indicated a good correlation between observed and predicted values (R2 = 0.90), and cross-validation confirmed the predictive ability of the model (Q2 = 0.67). For P-gp reversal, the model obtained by PLS could account for most of the variation in P-gp inhibition (R2 = 0.76) with fair predictive performance (Q2 = 0.62). Nine structurally related 1,4-DHP drugs were used for QSPKR analysis. The models could explain the majority of the variation in clearance (R2 = 0.90), and cross-validation confirmed the prediction ability (Q2 = 0.69).
Conclusion
QSAR/QSPKR models were developed, and the QSAR models were capable of identifying synthesized 1,4-DHPs and pyridines with potent P-gp inhibition and reduced Ca2+ channel binding. The QSPKR models provide insight into the contribution of electronic, steric, and lipophilic factors to the clearance of DHPs.
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Abbreviations
- 1,4-DHPs:
-
1,4-dihydropyridines
- CL:
-
clearance
- COAR:
-
Connolly surface area
- COCO:
-
core–core repulsion
- COVO:
-
Connolly surface volume
- DNM:
-
daunomycin
- ELEN:
-
electronic energy
- FILE:
-
filled levels
- HEFO:
-
heat of formation
- HOMO:
-
energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital
- IOPO:
-
ionization potentials
- LUMO:
-
energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- MDR:
-
multidrug resistance
- MLR:
-
multiple linear regression
- MW:
-
molecular weight
- P-gp:
-
P-glycoprotein
- PLS:
-
partial least square
- PSA:
-
polar surface area
- QSAR:
-
quantitative structure–activity relationship
- QSPKR:
-
quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic relationship
- TOEN:
-
total energy of the molecule
- V:
-
apparent volume of distribution
- VBL:
-
vinblastine
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Linping Zhang for synthesis of the 1,4-dihydropyridines and pyridines. Supported in part by a grant from the Kapoor Charitable Foundation (SUNY).
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Zhou, XF., Shao, Q., Coburn, R.A. et al. Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship and Quantitative Structure–Pharmacokinetics Relationship of 1,4-Dihydropyridines and Pyridines as Multidrug Resistance Modulators. Pharm Res 22, 1989–1996 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-005-8112-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-005-8112-0