Abstract
This paper reports a new design of a broadband absorber composed of graphene, dielectric, and gold layers. The designed absorber has four absorbent modes close to each other, which results in the formation of broadband absorption. The relative bandwidth, a key parameter to assess the bandwidth improvement, shows a significant increase in the proposed design compared to similar structures published in recent years. The numerical results also reveal this metamaterial absorber can be used for applications in the far-infrared frequency range due to choosing optimized dimensions and the graphene Fermi level. Unlike other graphene-based metamaterials, which require complicated structures to be able to attain broadband absorption, the physical structure of the proposed design has a relatively simple fabrication process. For further investigations, the effect of split geometry on the absorption spectrum is studied. Also, the use of graphene in this metamaterial absorber provides dynamic adjustability through electrostatic doping in order to tune the amount of absorption. This characteristic has been studied by changing the graphene Fermi level. This feature can be widely used in electro-absorption switches and modulators.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aliee, M., Mozaffari, M.H., Saghaei, H.: Dispersion-flattened photonic quasicrystal optofluidic fiber for telecom C band operation. Photonics Nanostructures Fundam. Appl. 40, 100797 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2020.100797
Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F., Serajmohammadi, S., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M.: A 2* 4 all optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 62, 430–434 (2015)
Butt, H., Dai, Q., Farah, P., Butler, T., Wilkinson, T.D., Baumberg, J.J., Amaratunga, G.A.J.: Metamaterial high pass filter based on periodic wire arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 163102 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3491840
Cai, Y., Xu, K.-D.: Tunable broadband terahertz absorber based on multilayer graphene-sandwiched plasmonic structure. Opt. Express. 26, 31693 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.031693
Cen, C., Chen, Z., Xu, D., Jiang, L., Chen, X., Yi, Z., Wu, P., Li, G., Yi, Y.: High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching. Nanomaterials. 10, 95 (2020)
Chen, F., Cheng, Y., Luo, H.: A broadband tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber based on single-layer complementary gammadion-shaped graphene. Mater. Basel. 13, 860 (2020)
Chen, M., Sun, W., Cai, J., Chang, L., Xiao, X.: Frequency-tunable terahertz absorbers based on graphene metasurface. Opt. Commun. 382, 144–150 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.07.077
Chen, Z., Li, Z., Li, B.: A 2-to-4 decoder switch in SiGe/Si multimode inteference. Opt. Express. 14, 2671 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.002671
Chen, Z.H., Tao, J., Gu, J.H., Li, J., Hu, D., Tan, Q.L., Zhang, F., Huang, X.G.: Tunable metamaterial-induced transparency with gate-controlled on-chip graphene metasurface. Opt. Express. 24, 29216–29225 (2016)
Cui, Y., Xu, J., Hung Fung, K., Jin, Y., Kumar, A., He, S., Fang, N.X.: A thin film broadband absorber based on multi-sized nanoantennas. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 253101 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3672002
Diouf, M., Salem, A.B., Cherif, R., Saghaei, H., Wague, A.: Super-flat coherent supercontinuum source in As_388Se_612 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with allnormal dispersion engineering at a very low input energy. Appl. Opt. 56, 163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.000163
Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H., Koohi-Kamali, F., Naser Moghadasi, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Proposal for Supercontinuum Generation by Optofluidic Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2307313
Etchegoin, P.G., Le Ru, E.C., Meyer, M.: An analytic model for the optical properties of gold. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164705 (2006)
Ghanbari, A., Kashaninia, A., Sadr, A., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation for optical coherence tomography using magnesium fluoride photonic crystal fiber. Optik (Stuttg). 140, 545–554 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.04.099
Ghanbari, A., Kashaninia, A., Sadr, A., Saghaei, H.: Opt. Quantum Electron. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1651-5
Gu, L., Jiang, W., Chen, X., Wang, L., Chen, R.T.: High speed silicon photonic crystal waveguide modulator for low voltage operation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 71105 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2475580
Haddadan, F., Soroosh, M., Alaei-Sheini, N.: Designing an electro-optical encoder based on photonic crystals using the graphene–Al 2 O 3 stacks. Appl. Opt. 59, 2179–2185 (2020)
He, X.J., Yan, S.T., Ma, Q.X., Zhang, Q.F., Jia, P., Wu, F.M., Jiang, J.X.: Broadband and polarization-insensitive terahertz absorber based on multilayer metamaterials. Opt. Commun. 340, 44–49 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.11.068
Hosseinzadeh Sani, M., Ghanbari, A., Saghaei, H.: An ultra-narrowband all-optical filter based on the resonant cavities in rod-based photonic crystal microstructure. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 295 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02418-1
Hosseinzadeh Sani, M., Saghaei, H., Mehranpour, M.A., Asgariyan Tabrizi, A.: A novel all-optical sensor design based on a tunable resonant nanocavity in photonic crystal microstructure applicable in MEMS accelerometers. Photonic Sensors. (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-020-0607-0
Huang, X., He, W., Yang, F., Ran, J., Gao, B., Zhang, W.-L.: Polarization-independent and angle-insensitive broadband absorber with a target-patterned graphene layer in the terahertz regime. Opt. Express. 26, 25558–25566 (2018)
Lao, J., Tao, J., Wang, Q.J., Huang, X.G.: Tunable graphene-based plasmonic waveguides: Nano modulators and nano attenuators. Laser Photonics Rev. 8, 569–574 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201300199
Lee, S., Tran, T.Q., Heo, H., Kim, M., Kim, S.: A proposal of a perfect graphene absorber with enhanced design and fabrication tolerance. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–10 (2017)
Liu, C., Qi, L., Zhang, X.: Broadband graphene-based metamaterial absorbers. AIP Adv. 8, 15301 (2018)
Ma, Q., Zhan, Y., Hong, W.: Tunable metamaterial with gold and graphene split-ring resonators and plasmonically induced transparency. Nanomaterials. 9, 7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010007
Mccrindle, I.J.H., Grant, J., Drysdale, T.D., Cumming, D.R.S.: Multi-spectral materials: Hybridisation of optical plasmonic filters and a terahertz metamaterial absorber. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2, 149–153 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201300408
Mehdizadeh, F., Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S.: Study the role of non-linear resonant cavities in photonic crystal-based decoder switches. J. Mod. Opt. 64, 1233–1239 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2016.1275854
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M.: A new proposal for eight-channel optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. Photonic Netw. Commun. 31, 65–70 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0531-1
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals. IET Optoelectron. 11, 29–35 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2016.0022
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49, 38 (2017c). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0880-8
Ming, X., Tan, Q.: Design method of a broadband wide-angle plasmonic absorber in the visible range. Plasmonics. 12, 117–124 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0236-z
Moniem, T.A.: All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 63, 735–741 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1094580
Mostaan, S.M.A., Rasooli Saghai, H.: Plasmonic split disk resonator based on graphene. Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 211 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1473-5
Mou, N., Sun, S., Dong, H., Dong, S., He, Q., Zhou, L., Zhang, L.: Hybridization-induced broadband terahertz wave absorption with graphene metasurfaces. Opt. Express. 26, 11728–11736 (2018)
Naghizade, S., Khoshsima, H.: Low input power an all optical 4×2 encoder based on triangular lattice shape photonic crystal. J. Opt. Commun. 1, 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0019
Naghizade, S., Saghaei, H.: Tunable graphene-on-insulator band-stop filter at the mid-infrared region. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 224 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02350-4
Naghizade, S., Saghaei, H.: A novel design of all-optical 4 to 2 encoder with multiple defects in silica-based photonic crystal fiber. Optik Stuttg. 222, 165419 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165419
Pan, W., Yu, X., Zhang, J., Zeng, W.: A Novel Design of Broadband Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Based on Nested Circle Rings. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 28, 2335–2338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2016.2593699
Parandin, F., Karkhanehchi, M.M., Naseri, M., Zahedi, A.: Design of a high bitrate optical decoder based on photonic crystals. J. Comput. Electron. 17, 830–836 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-018-1147-3
Peng, X.-Y., Wang, B., Lai, S., Zhang, D.H., Teng, J.-H.: Ultrathin multi-band planar metamaterial absorber based on standing wave resonances. Opt. Express. 20, 27756 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.027756
Raei, R., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation in organic liquid–liquid core-cladding photonic crystal fiber in visible and near-infrared regions: publisher’s note. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 35, 1545 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.35.001545
Saghaei, H.: Dispersion-engineered microstructured optical fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Appl. Opt. 57, 5591 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.005591
Saghaei, H., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Midinfrared supercontinuum generation via As_2Se_3 chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers. Appl. Opt. 54, 2072 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.002072
Saghaei, H., Elyasi, P., Karimzadeh, R.: Design, fabrication, and characterization of Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Photonics Nanostructures - Fundam. Appl. 37, 100733 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2019.100733
Saghaei, H., Heidari, V., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Yazdani, M.R.: A systematic study of linear and nonlinear properties of photonic crystal fibers. Optik Stuttg. 127, 11938–11947 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.09.111
Saghaei, H., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moghadasi, M.N.: Ultra-Wide Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in As40Se60 Chalcogenide Fibers: Solid Core PCF Versus SIF. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2477048
Saghaei, H., Seyfe, B.: New approach to closed-loop power control in cellular CDMA systems under multipath fading. In: 2008 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM 2008 (2008)
Saghaei, H., Seyfe, B., Bakhshi, H., Bayat, R.: Novel approach to adjust the step size for closed-loop power control in wireless cellular code division multiple access systems under flat fading. IET Commun. 5, 1469–1483 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.0029
Saghaei, H., Van, V.: Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in dispersion-engineered silicon-on-insulator waveguide. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 36, A193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.36.00a193
Salimzadeh, S., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel proposal for all optical 3 to 8 decoder based on nonlinear ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 65, 2017–2024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2018.1489077
Sani, M.H., Tabrizi, A.A., Saghaei, H., Karimzadeh, R.: An ultrafast all-optical half adder using nonlinear ring resonators in photonic crystal microstructure. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-2233-x
Shrekenhamer, D., Montoya, J., Krishna, S., Padilla, W.J.: Four-color metamaterial absorber THz spatial light modulator. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 905–909 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201300265
Shu, R., Zhang, G., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Wang, M., Gan, Y., Shi, J., He, J.: Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/zinc ferrite hybrid composites as high-performance microwave absorbers. J. Alloys Compd. 736, 1–11 (2018)
Su, Z., Yin, J., Zhao, X.: Terahertz dual-band metamaterial absorber based on graphene/MgF_2 multilayer structures. Opt. Express. 23, 1679 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.001679
Sullivan, D.M.: Electromagnetic simulation using the FDTD method. John Wiley & Sons (2013)
Tabrizi, A.A., Saghaei, H., Mehranpour, M.A., Jahangiri, M.: Enhancement of absorption and effectiveness of a perovskite thin-film solar cell embedded with Gold nanospheres. Plasmonics. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01341-1
Talebzadeh, R., Soroosh, M., Kavian, Y.S., Mehdizadeh, F.: Eight-channel all-optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. Optik Stuttg. 140, 331–337 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.04.075
Tavakoli, F., Zarrabi, F.B., Saghaei, H.: Modeling and analysis of high-sensitivity refractive index sensors based on plasmonic absorbers with Fano response in the near-infrared spectral region. Appl. Opt. 58, 5404–5414 (2019)
Vial, A., Laroche, T.: Comparison of gold and silver dispersion laws suitable for FDTD simulations. Appl. Phys. B. 93, 139–143 (2008)
Walther, M., Cooke, D.G., Sherstan, C., Hajar, M., Freeman, M.R., Hegmann, F.A.: Terahertz conductivity of thin gold films at the metal-insulator percolation transition. Phys. Rev. B. 76, 125408 (2007)
Wang, B.X., Tang, C., Niu, Q., He, Y., Chen, R.: A broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber enabled by the simple design of a rectangular-shaped resonator with an elongated slot. Nanoscale Adv. 1, 3621–3625 (2019a). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00385a
Wang, B.X., Tang, C., Niu, Q., He, Y., Zhu, H., Huang, W.Q.: Broadband perfect absorption enabled by using terahertz metamaterial resonator. Superlattices Microstruct. 135, 106240 (2019b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106240
Wang, B.X., Zhai, X., Wang, G.Z., Huang, W.Q., Wang, L.L.: A novel dual-band terahertz metamaterial absorber for a sensor application. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 14504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905261
Wang, F., Huang, S., Li, L., Chen, W., Xie, Z.: Dual-band tunable perfect metamaterial absorber based on graphene. Appl. Opt. 57, 6916 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.006916
Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Cao, M.: Dual-controlled switchable broadband terahertz absorber based on a graphene-vanadium dioxide metamaterial. Opt. Mater. Express. 10, 369 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/ome.383008
Watts, C.M., Shrekenhamer, D., Montoya, J., Lipworth, G., Hunt, J., Sleasman, T., Krishna, S., Smith, D.R., Padilla, W.J.: Terahertz compressive imaging with metamaterial spatial light modulators. Nat. Photonics. 8, 605–609 (2014)
Wen, K., Yan, L., Pan, W., Luo, B., Guo, Z., Guo, Y.: Wavelength demultiplexing structure based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide. J. Opt. United Kingdom. 14, 75001 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/14/7/075001
Williams, G.P.: Filling the THz gap - High power sources and applications. Reports Prog. Phys. 69, 301–326 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/69/2/R01
Xu, Z., Wu, D., Liu, Y., Liu, C., Yu, Z., Yu, L., Ye, H.: Design of a tunable ultra-broadband terahertz absorber based on multiple layers of graphene ribbons. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13, 1–8 (2018)
Yahiaoui, R., Tan, S., Cong, L., Singh, R., Yan, F., Zhang, W.: Multispectral terahertz sensing with highly flexible ultrathin metamaterial absorber. J. Appl. Phys. 118, 83103 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4929449
Yang, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, J., Guo, C., Xu, W., Liu, K., Yuan, X., Qin, S.: Broadband terahertz absorber based on multi-band continuous plasmon resonances in geometrically gradient dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon structure. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21705-2
Yang, R., Wang, B., Xiang, J., Mu, C., Zhang, C., Wen, F., Wang, C., Su, C., Liu, Z.: Fabrication of NiCo2-anchored graphene nanosheets by liquid-phase exfoliation for excellent microwave absorbers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9, 12673–12679 (2017)
Ye, L., Chen, Y., Cai, G., Liu, N., Zhu, J., Song, Z., Liu, Q.H.: Broadband absorber with periodically sinusoidally-patterned graphene layer in terahertz range. Opt. Express. 25, 11223–11232 (2017)
Yi, Z., Huang, J., Cen, C., Chen, X., Zhou, Z., Tang, Y., Wang, B., Yi, Y., Wang, J., Wu, P.: Nanoribbon-ring cross perfect metamaterial graphene multi-band absorber in THz range and the sensing application. Results Phys. 14, 102367 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102367
Zhang, H., Ling, F., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B.: A water hybrid graphene metamaterial absorber with broadband absorption. Opt. Commun. 463, 125394 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125394
Zhang, Q., Bai, L., Bai, Z., Hu, P., Liu, C.: Theoretical analysis and design of a near-infrared broadband absorber based on EC model. Opt. Express. 23, 8910 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.008910
Zhou, Q., Zha, S., Liu, P., Liu, C., Bian, L., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Ding, L.: Graphene based controllable broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber with transmission band. Mater. Basel. 11, 2409 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122409
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alden Mostaan, S.M., Saghaei, H. A tunable broadband graphene-based metamaterial absorber in the far-infrared region. Opt Quant Electron 53, 96 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02744-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02744-y