Abstract
Microwave, THz, and optical systems have been developed rapidly for biological detection and imaging in various applications such as skin cancer detection. In this paper, we have suggested special THz sensor based on split ring resonator to making a hot spot for electric field enhancement. In addition, we have utilized photonic band gap (PBG) structure to increase the electric field in the hot spot and we have revealed that this technique lead to enhance the maxima of the electric field more than 12% at the hot spot and the reflection coefficient (S21) value from − 22 to − 35 dB. In other words, we have tried to detect the cancer tissue based on reflection method and related frequency shift. Therefore, the sensor is studied in the existance and absence of the sample where the frequency shift is noticed as a detection factor. At last, the graphene loads are added to the structure and the maxima of the electric field are increased up to 25.3% for 1.96 THz at the hot spot in contrast to basic structure with the reconfigurable characteristic. The parametric studies are noticed to realizing the distortion effect on resonances and electric field.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afroozeh, A., Innate, K., Ali, J., Yupapin, P.P.: THz frequency generation using Gaussian pulse for medical applications. Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124(5), 416–419 (2013)
Arezoomand, A.S., Zarrabi, F.B., Heydari, S., Gandji, N.P.: Independent polarization and multi-band THz absorber base on Jerusalem cross. Opt. Commun. 352, 121–126 (2015)
Catapano, I, Soldovieri, F.: A data processing chain for terahertz imaging and its use in artwork diagnostics. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 38(4), 518–530 (2017)
Choi, Y., Choi, J.-W., Cioffi, J.M.: A geometric-statistic channel model for THz indoor communications. J Infrared MillimTerahertz Waves 34(7–8), 456–467 (2013)
Destic, F., Bouvet, C.: Impact damages detection on composite materials by THz imaging. Case Stud. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 6, 53–62 (2016)
Ebrahimi, A., Withayachumnankul, W., Al-Sarawi, S., Abbott, D.: High-sensitivity metamaterial-inspired sensor for microfluidic dielectric characterization. IEEE Sens. J. 14(5), 1345–1351 (2014)
Férachou, D., Humbert, G., Le Floch, J.-M., Aubourg, M., Auguste, J.-L., Tobar, M.E., Cros, D., Blondy, J.-M.: Compact hollow-core photonic band gap resonator with optimised metallic cavity at microwave frequencies. Electron. Lett. 47(14), 805–807 (2011)
Garcia-Banos, B., Cuesta-Soto, F., Griol, A., Catala-Civera, J.M., Pitarch, J.: Enhancement of sensitivity of microwave planar sensors with EBG structures. IEEE Sens. J. 6(6), 1518–1522 (2006)
Jafari, F.S., Ahmadi-Shokouh, J.: Industrial liquid characterization enhancement using microwave sensor equipped with electronic band gap structure. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 82, 152–159 (2017)
Jafari, F.S., Ahmadi-Shokouh, J.: Frequency-selective surface to determine permittivity of industrial oil and effect of nanoparticle addition in x-band. J. Electron. Mater. 47(2), 1397–1404 (2018)
Jamilan, S., Semouchkin, G., Gandji, N.P., Semouchkina E.: Spatial dispersion of index components required for building invisibility cloak medium from photonic crystals. J. Opt (2018)
Meyne, N., Cammin, C., Jacob, A. F.: Accuracy enhancement of a split-ring resonator liquid sensor using dielectric resonator coupling. In: 2014 20th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar, and Wireless Communication (MIKON), pp. 1–4. IEEE (2014)
Nguyen, T.K., Thi, A.H., Han, H., Park, I.: Numerical study of self-complementary antenna characteristics on substrate lenses at terahertz frequency. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 33(11), 1123–1137 (2012)
Pickwell, E., Cole, B.E., Fitzgerald, A.J., Wallace, V.P., Pepper, M.: Simulation of terahertz pulse propagation in biological systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(12), 2190–2192 (2004)
Radoi, A., Dragoman, M., Dragoman, D.: Plasmonic ambient light sensing with MoS 2-graphene heterostructures. Physica E 85, 164–168 (2017)
Rahman, A., Rahman, A.K., Rao, B.: Early detection of skin cancer via terahertz spectral profiling and 3D imaging. Biosens. Bioelectron. 82, 64–70 (2016)
Sadeghzadeh, R.A., Zarrabi, F.B.: Metamaterial Fabry–Perot cavity implementation for gain and bandwidth enhancement of THz dipole antenna. Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 127(13), 5181–5185 (2016)
Savo, S., Shrekenhamer, D., Padilla, W.J.: Liquid crystal metamaterial absorber spatial light modulator for THz applications. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2(3), 275–279 (2014)
Seddon, A.B.: Mid-infrared (IR)—a hot topic: the potential for using mid-IR light for non-invasive early detection of skin cancer in vivo. Physica Status Solidi (b) 250(5), 1020–1027 (2013)
Semouchkina, E., Duan, R., Gandji, N.P., Jamilan, S., Semouchkin, G., Pandey, R.: Superluminal media formed by photonic crystals for transformation optics-based invisibility cloaks. J. Opt. 18(4), 044007 (2016)
Seyedsharbaty, M.M., Sadeghzadeh, R.A.: Antenna gain enhancement by using metamaterial radome at THz band with reconfigurable characteristics based on graphene load. Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(6), 221 (2017)
Smith, D.R., Padilla, W.J., Vier, D.C., Nemat-Nasser, S.C., Schultz, S.: Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(18), 4184 (2000)
Wallace, V.P., Fitzgerald, A.J., Pickwell, E., Pye, R.J., Taday, P.F., Flanagan, N., Ha, T.: Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy of human basal cell carcinoma. Appl. Spectrosc. 60(10), 1127–1133 (2006)
Woodward, R.M., Cole, B.E., Wallace, V.P., Pye, R.J., Arnone, D.D., Linfield, E.H., Pepper, M.: Terahertz pulse imaging in reflection geometry of human skin cancer and skin tissue. Phys. Med. Biol. 47(21), 3853 (2002)
Yang, X., Zhao, X., Yang, K., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Fu, W., Luo, Y.: Biomedical applications of terahertz spectroscopy and imaging. Trends Biotechnol. 34(10), 810–824 (2016)
Yin, X.-X., Zhang, Y., Cao, J., Wu, J.-L., Hadjiloucas, S.: Exploring the complementarity of THz pulse imaging and DCE-MRIs: toward a unified multi-channel classification and a deep learning framework. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 137, 87–114 (2016)
Yu, C., Fan, S., Sun, Y., Pickwell-MacPherson, E.: The potential of terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis: a review of investigations to date. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 2(1), 33–45 (2012)
Zarifi, M.H., Rahimi, M., Daneshmand, M., Thundat, T.: Microwave ring resonator-based non-contact interface sensor for oil sands applications. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 224, 632–639 (2016)
Zarrabi, F.B., Naser-Moghadasi, M., Heydari, S., Maleki, M., Arezomand, A.S.: Cross-slot nano-antenna with graphene coat for bio-sensing application. Opt. Commun. 371, 34–39 (2016)
Zarrabi, F.B., Seyedsharbaty, M.M., Ahmed, Z., Arezoomand, A.S., Heydari, S.: Wide band yagi antenna for terahertz application with graphene control. Optik Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 140, 866–872 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Azizi, S., Nouri-Novin, S., Seyedsharbaty, M.M. et al. Early skin cancer detection sensor based on photonic band gap and graphene load at terahertz regime. Opt Quant Electron 50, 230 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1496-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1496-y