Skip to main content
Log in

Experimental characterization of apodized wavelength modulation spectroscopy for accurate quantitative measurement

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The potential and drawbacks of the apodized 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy are theoretically studied and experimentally characterized. We apply a near-infrared DFB-based laser spectrometer, tunable around the R(32) CO2 absorption line centered at 6369.408 cm−1. The performance of the apodized method is shown by minimizing the pressure deviation between the gauge and experimental pressures by using the beneficial effect of the scaling \(k\)-factor. This factor equalizes the experimental and simulated peak heights of the CO2 absorption trace. We found that when \(k\)-factor is varied up to its optimum value of ~200, a pressure deviation of nearly zero is obtained at a case pressure of 19 ± 0.5 mbar. Under such optimum condition a minimum uncertainty of ±1 mbar is also obtained for the pressure deviation. However, we further acquired that far from this optimum condition, compared to the common method, the apodized approach is also capable of reducing the pressure deviation by ~13.5 % at 20 ± 0.5 mbar of CO2 pressure, indicating the performance of the proposed method for precise pressure measurement of a gas sample, regardless of the optical limits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chao, X., Jeffries, J., Hanson, R.: Absorption sensor for CO in combustion gases using 2.3 µm tunable diode lasers. Meas. Sci. Technol. 20(11), 115201 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanf, S., et al.: Fiber-enhanced Raman multigas spectroscopy: a versatile tool for environmental gas sensing and breath analysis. Anal. Chem. 86(11), 5278–5285 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinzadeh, S.S., Khorsandi, A.: Apodized 2f/1f wavelength modulation spectroscopy method for calibration-free trace detection of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared region: theory and experiment. Appl. Phys. B 116(3), 521–531 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, F.J.: Oxidative stress: its role in air pollution and adverse health effects. Occup. Environ. Med. 60(8), 612–616 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A., Witzel, O., Ebert, V.: Rapid, time-division multiplexed. Direct Absorpt. Wavel. Modul.-Spectrosc. Sens. 14(11), 21497–21513 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B.G., et al.: Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 231101 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewtas, J.: Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res. 636(1), 95–133 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., et al.: Near-infrared diode laser absorption sensor for rapid measurements of temperature and water vapor in a shock tube. Appl.Phys. B 89(2–3), 407–416 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maulini, R., et al.: Continuous-wave operation of a broadly tunable thermoelectrically cooled external cavity quantum-cascade laser. Opt. Lett. 30(19), 2584–2586 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Z., et al.: Vasodilator effect of gaseous sulfur dioxide and regulation of its level by Ach in rat vascular tissues. Inhal. Toxicol. 21(14), 1223–1228 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi, J.M., Khorsandi, A., Sabouri, G.S.: Polymeric fiber sensor for sensitive detection of carbon dioxide based on apodized wavelength modulation spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. B 118(2), 219–229 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, Q., et al.: Tomographic measurements of carbon monoxide temperature and concentration in a bunsen flame using diode laser absorption. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97(12), 1634–1642 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieker, G.B.: Wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for measurements of gas temperature and concentration in harsh environments. Stanford University, Stanford (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieker, G.B., Jeffries, J.B., Hanson, R.K.: Calibration-free wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for measurements of gas temperature and concentration in harsh environments. Appl. Opt. 48(29), 5546–5560 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A.B., et al.: Measurement and prediction of the emission of pollutants from the combustion of coal and biomass in a fixed bed furnace. Fuel 81(5), 571–582 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, L.: HITRAN on the Web. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA), Cambridge (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Senior, C.L., et al.: Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants. Fuel Process. Technol. 63(2), 197–213 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, K.: Utilization of multiple harmonics of wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy for practical gas sensing. Stanford University, Stanford (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, K., et al.: TDL absorption sensors for gas temperature and concentrations in a high-pressure entrained-flow coal gasifier. Proc. Combust. Inst. 34(2), 3593–3601 (2013a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, K., et al.: Analysis of calibration-free wavelength-scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy for practical gas sensing using tunable diode lasers. Meas. Sci. Technol. 24(12), 125203 (2013b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, K., et al.: Wavelength modulation diode laser absorption spectroscopy for high-pressure gas sensing. Appl. Phys. B 110(4), 497–508 (2013c)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tittel, F.K., et al.: Recent advances in trace gas detection using quantum and interband cascade lasers. Rev. Laser Eng. 34(4), 275–282 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayaraghavan, R., et al.: A bioreporter bioluminescent integrated circuit for very low-level chemical sensing in both gas and liquid environments. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 123(2), 922–928 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waclawek, J., et al.: Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy-based sensor system for sulfur dioxide detection using a CW DFB-QCL. Appl. Phys. B 117(1), 113–120 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, S., et al.: TDLAS-based in situ measurement of absolute acetylene concentrations in laminar 2D diffusion flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 32(1), 839–846 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Khorsandi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohammadi, M.J., Khorsandi, A. & Ghavami, S.S. Experimental characterization of apodized wavelength modulation spectroscopy for accurate quantitative measurement. Opt Quant Electron 48, 235 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0519-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0519-9

Keywords

Navigation