Abstract
In recent years, it is popular that the combination of chaos and DNA is employed for image ciphers. There have been a great number of image ciphers which are designed based on chaos and DNA, but the corresponding cryptanalytic works are insufficient and in-depth study should be made. In this paper, we decipher an image cipher combining a 3-cell chaotic map with DNA. It was claimed that this cipher has high security and can resist different well-known attacks. However, we demonstrate that the claim is not reasonable, since the cipher can be broken by chosen plaintext attack with the complexity \(O({\alpha \beta })\), where \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \) represent the number of the image rows and columns, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez, G., Li, S.: Some basic cryptographic requirements for chaos-based cryptosystems. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 16(8), 2129–2153 (2006)
Rhouma, R., Belghith, S.: Cryptanalysis of a new image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaos. Phys. Lett. A 372, 5973–5978 (2008)
Rhouma, R., Belghith, S.: Cryptanalysis of a spatio-temporal chaotic image/video cryptosystem. Phys. Lett. A 372, 5790–5794 (2008)
Arroyo, D., Li, S.: Lessons learnt from the cryptanalysis of chaos-based ciphers. In: Kocarev, L., Lian, S. (eds.) Chaos Based Cryptography Theory Algorithms and Applications, pp. 257–295. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Solak, E.: Cryptanalysis of chaotic ciphers. In: Kocarev, L., Lian, S. (eds.) Chaos Based Cryptography Theory Algorithms and Applications, pp. 227–256. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Çokal, C., Solak, E.: Cryptanalysis of a chaos-based image encryption algorithm. Phys. Lett. A 373, 1357–1360 (2009)
Arroyo, D., Li, C., Li, S., Alvarez, G., Halang, W.: Cryptanalysis of an image encryption scheme based on a new total shuffling algorithm. Chaos Solitons Fract. 41, 2613–2616 (2009)
Li, C., Li, S., Lo, K.-T., Kyamakya, K.: A differential cryptanalysis of Yen–Chen–Wu multimedia cryptography system. J. Syst. Softw. 83(8), 1443–1452 (2010)
Solak, E., Rhouma, R., Belghith, S.: Cryptanalysis of a multi-chaotic systems based image cryptosystem. Opt. Commun. 283, 232–236 (2010)
Özkaynak, F., Özer, A.B., Yavuz, S.: Cryptanalysis of a novel image encryption scheme based on improved hyper chaotic sequences. Opt. Commun. 285, 4946–4948 (2012)
Özkaynak, F., Özer, A.B., Yavuz, S.: Cryptanalysis of Bigdeli algorithm using Çokal and Solak attack. Int. J. Inf. Secur. Sci. 1(3), 79–81 (2012)
Babaei, M.: A novel text and image encryption method based on chaos theory and DNA computing. Nat. Comput. 12(1), 101–107 (2013)
Huang, X.L., Ye, G.D.: An image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaos and DNA sequence. Multimed. Tools Appl. 72(1), 57–70 (2014)
Liu, L.L., Zhang, Q., Wei, X.P.: A RGB image encryption algorithm based on DNA encoding and chaotic map. Comput. Electr. Eng. 38(5), 1240–1248 (2012)
Liu, H.J., Wang, X.Y., Kadir, A.: Image encryption using DNA complementary rule and chaotic maps. Appl. Soft Comput. 12(5), 1457–1466 (2012)
Wei, X.P., Guo, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J.X., Lian, S.G.: A novel color image encryption based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. J. Syst. Softw. 85(2), 290–299 (2012)
Zhang, Q., Guo, L., Wei, X.P.: Image encryption using DNA addition combining with chaotic maps. Math. Comput. Model. 52(11–12), 2028–2035 (2010)
Zhang, Q., Guo, L., Wei, X.P.: A novel image fusion encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. Optik 124(18), 3596–3600 (2013)
Zhang, Q., Liu, L.L., Wei, X.P.: Improved algorithm for image encryption based on DNA encoding and multi-chaotic maps. AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. 68(3), 186–192 (2014)
Zhang, Q., Wei, X.P.: A novel couple images encryption algorithm based on DNA subsequence operation and chaotic system. Optik 124(23), 6276–6281 (2013)
Jain, A., Rajpal, N.: A robust image encryption algorithm resistant to attacks using DNA and chaotic logistic maps. Multimed. Tools Appl. doi:10.1007/s11042-015-2515-7
Liu, Y., Wang, J., Fan, J., Gong, L.: Image encryption algorithm based on chaotic system and dynamic S-boxes composed of DNA sequences. Multimed. Tools Appl. doi:10.1007/s11042-015-2479-7
Enayatifar, R., Abdullah, A.H., Isnin, I.F.: Chaos-based image encryption using a hybrid genetic algorithm and a DNA sequence. Opt. Lasers Eng. 56, 83–93 (2014)
Kulsoom, A., Xiao, D., Rehman, A., Abbas, S.: An efficient and noise resistive selective image encryption scheme for gray images based on chaotic maps and DNA complementary rules, Multimed. Tools Appl. doi:10.1007/s11042-014-2221-x
Hermassi, H., Belazi, A., Rhouma, R., Belghith, S.: Security analysis of an image encryption algorithm based on a DNA addition combining with chaotic maps. Multimed. Tools Appl. 72(3), 2211–2224 (2014)
Özkaynak, F., Yavuz, S.: Analysis and improvement of a novel image fusion encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. Nonlinear Dyn. 78(2), 1311–1320 (2014)
Belazi, A., Hermassi, H., Rhouma, R., Belghith, S.: Algebraic analysis of a RGB image encryption algorithm based on DNA encoding and chaotic map. Nonlinear Dyn. 76(4), 1989–2004 (2014)
Zhang, Y.: Cryptanalysis of a novel image fusion encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. Optik 126(2), 223–229 (2015)
Xie, T., Liu, Y., Tang, J.: Breaking a novel image fusion encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. Optik 125(24), 7166–7169 (2014)
Liu, Y., Tang, J., Xie, T.: Cryptanalyzing a RGB image encryption algorithm based on DNA encoding and chaos map. Opt. Laser Tech. 60, 111–115 (2014)
Zhang, Y.S., Wen, W., Su, M., Li, M.: Cryptanalyzing a novel image fusion encryption algorithm based on DNA sequence operation and hyper-chaotic system. Optik 125(4), 1562–1564 (2014)
Zhang, Y.S., Xiao, D., Wen, W., Wong, K.-W.: On the security of symmetric ciphers based on DNA coding. Inf. Sci. 289, 254–261 (2014)
SaberiKamarposhti, M., Mohammad, D., Rahim, M., Yaghobi, M.: Using 3-cell chaotic map for image encryption based on biological operations. Nonlinear Dyn. 75(3), 407–416 (2014)
Li, S.J., Li, C.Q., Chen, G.R., Bourbakis, N.G., Lo, K.T.: A general quantitative cryptanalysis of permutation-only multimedia ciphers against plaintext attacks. Signal Process. Image 23(3), 212–223 (2008)
Li, C.Q., Lo, K.T.: Optimal quantitative cryptanalysis of permutation-only multimedia ciphers against plaintext attacks. Signal Process. 91(4), 949–954 (2011)
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. SWU115016, XDJK2015C077, XDJK2015B030), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61462032, 61402380, 61403313, 61374078), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Grant No. 20142BAB217012), and the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing CSTC (Grant No. cstc2014jcyjA40014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wen, W. et al. Deciphering an image cipher based on 3-cell chaotic map and biological operations. Nonlinear Dyn 82, 1831–1837 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-015-2280-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-015-2280-1