Abstract
This study determines the runout behavior (Attabad landslide, Hunza, Pakistan) of one of the biggest landslides in Pakistan's history, along the highest and strategically most important highway of the world. On January 4, 2010, at 08:36 local time, 45 Mm3 of rock mass flowed down the hill slope for 1060 m and fell in Hunza River, thus blocking the river's flow and making an artificial dam. This paper examines the landslide's failure process based on seismic data obtained from a published paper. The average velocity of the slide was found to be 14.32 m/s. To better understand the landslide dynamics and failure phenomena, a numerical simulation was conducted using DAN3D to simulate displaced materials' runout behavior. Simulation results indicate that the slope's failure lasted for 70 s, which is in good agreement with seismic wave recordings of 70 s. The combined frictional–Voellmy model obtained the most accurate results for simulation. Further, to verify the results, another simulation was run using RAMMS debris flow software; it was found that the results of both the software's are in good agreement. It is expected that the selected model and its parameters will help understand similar kind of rock avalanches in the area, which will help concerned agencies improve landslide prediction along Karakoram Highway.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41530639) and Guizhou Science and Technology Project ([2017]5402 and [2017]2814). We are grateful to Prof. O. Hungr for supplying a copy of the DAN3D software.
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Hasnain Gardezi designed the research, did the DAN3D simulation, and wrote the paper; Muhammad Bilal did the RAMMS simulation; Qiangong Cheng, Aiguo Xing, and Yu Zhuang performed the research, modified the manuscript, and analyzed the results; Tahir Masood provided the information of the Attabad Landslide.
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Gardezi, H., Bilal, M., Cheng, Q. et al. A comparative analysis of attabad landslide on january 4, 2010, using two numerical models. Nat Hazards 107, 519–538 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04593-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04593-0