Table 1 Detailed explanations of disaster events
From: A method to characterize the social cascading damage processes of disasters using media information
| Classification | DE number | DE | DE details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural disaster | DE1 | Heavy rain | Occurrence of heavy rain that can cause disasters |
| DE2 | Intense heat | Temperatures so high that they adversely affect human health | |
| DE3 | Landslides |
Mountain and cliff surfaces/rocks come sliding down Can block roads and train lines | |
| DE4 | Debris flow |
Gravel and rocks flow through a river with large amounts of water Debris flows can push down bridges, homes, and trees | |
| DE5 | Overflow |
Inundation by water Overflow is broadly classified as river overflow, where water spills out from rivers, and levee overflow, where water dispersal into rivers is too slow and urban areas become flooded | |
| DE6 | Flooding | Homes and agricultural fields are inundated with water due to overflow | |
| DE7 | Fallen trees | Can block rivers, which can in turn cause river overflow | |
| Traffic | DE8 | Commuting difficulties |
Normal commuting and school attendance is disrupted Time and money spent on commuting increases relative to pre-disaster levels |
| DE9 | Abandoned train lines | Train facilities are struck by disasters, and restoration/recovery is difficult | |
| DE10 | Increased substitute means of transportation |
Use of private automobiles and substitute transfer services increases because normal methods cannot be used Ferry and truck traffic volume increases due to the suspension of freight trains | |
| DE11 | Traffic jams/congestion |
Traffic jams occur on roads Transport facilities become congested | |
| DE12 | Traffic accidents | Traffic accidents occur on roads when road traffic is restricted due to disasters | |
| DE13 | Cut-off roads and train lines | Roads and train line structures struck by disasters are cut off | |
| Human | DE14 | Deaths |
Loss of life due to landslides, river overflows, the collapse of homes, etc. Loss of life due to delayed rescue |
| DE15 | Missing | Missing individuals, regardless of whether they are dead or alive | |
| DE16 | Isolation | Roads/lifelines cut off | |
| DE17 | Injury | When people are injured during disaster events | |
| DE18 | Poor health |
Poor health while living in evacuation shelters Spread of infectious disease Heatstroke of volunteers due to rescue work in intense heat as well as those displaced by disaster | |
| DE19 | Fear/uncertainty | When individuals suffer fear or uncertainty regarding disaster | |
| Infrastructure | DE20 | Power outage | When power supply is suspended |
| DE21 | Communication interruption | Disconnected phone service due to severed cables or base station power outages | |
| DE22 | Interrupted gas supply | When gas supply is interrupted | |
| DE23 | Setup of evacuation shelters | Opening of schools and community centers as evacuation shelters | |
| Home/automobile | DE24 | House/automobile damage | Homes and automobiles are damaged |
| Supply chain | DE25 | Damage to agriculture and fisheries | Delivery of crops and seafood affected due to landslide and flooding damage |
| DE26 | Manufacturer shutdown | Shutdown of operations due to the inability of employees to commute, suspension of the supply of parts, or due to suspension of lifelines | |
| DE27 | Closed business |
Businesses closed due to damage to facilities (factory, agriculture, fisheries) or storefront damage and abandoning its repair Regional population outflow | |
| DE28 | Suspension of supplier operation | Forced suspension of operations due to disrupted or suspended operations of the parts suppliers | |
| DE29 | Insufficient number of rental cars | Insufficient number of rental cars due to the increased demands from the media and individuals who lost their personal vehicles | |
| DE30 | Increased demand for anti-theft goods | Individuals are on increased alert for disaster prevention, and demand for anti-theft goods increases outside the affected area | |
| Medical | DE31 | Suspension of hospital function |
Medical equipment is damaged, and diagnoses/surgeries cannot be performed Workers cannot commute and hospitals cannot reopen due to suspended lifelines |
| DE32 | Hospital patient transfer | Patients are transferred to other hospitals from hospitals in which medical examinations cannot resume | |
| Regional | DE33 | Decreased land prices in the disaster area | Land prices in the disaster area decrease |
| DE34 | Suspension/changes in symbolic local events | Symbolic local events (e.g., sports competitions, religious events, firework festivals) are suspended or cancelled | |
| DE35 | Damaged reputation | Number of tourists decreases in the region | |
| DE36 | Implementation of promotional tourism campaigns | A promotional tourism campaign is implemented for the revitalization of the disaster area | |
| DE37 | Moving to other regions | Individuals who lost their homes move to other regions | |
| Administrative | DE38 | Revisiting of disaster-related standards | Traffic regulation standards and contents of supplied evacuation information are changed due to experiences during the disaster |
| DE39 | Waste generation from disaster | Large amounts of waste are generated after a disaster | |
| DE40 | Failure of pre-determined disaster prevention measures |
Dissemination of evacuation information is delayed Region unequipped for the acceptance of volunteers and material aid | |
| DE41 | Changes in school vacation/starting times |
Schools forced to close due to their use as evacuation sites or disaster waste storage, or because staff cannot commute to work School starting times delayed in order to avoid congestion due to school attendance | |
| DE42 | Unresolved searches | Search efforts and damage reports of affected individuals do not progress due to the overwhelming amount of information regarding cut-off roads and damage information | |
| DE43 | Aid received from other prefectures | Volunteers or material aid is sent from other prefectures | |
| DE44 | Occurrence of theft | Occurrence of theft incidents coinciding with the disaster, where individuals target empty stores and homes | |
| DE45 | Gratitude in response to aid |
Affected individuals send thanks to volunteers and aid sent from other prefectures Affected region actively provides aid at the time of other disasters | |
| DE46 | Increased price of crops and seafood | Delivery of regional specialties (crops, seafood) is suspended, and the price of these products increases |