Abstract
Submarine landslides are a common type of disaster which threaten property and the safety of human life. To effectively prevent and control such disasters, we conduct a series of large-scale physical model tests to determine the mechanism of submarine landslides. First, a large-scale physical model test system is designed and developed, including flume test frame, wave-making system, wave-absorbing system, and data monitoring system. In the tests, we investigate the effect of different sea waves by changing the parameters of the wave-making system and the influence of the slope inclination by constructing different models. Data regarding the wave pressure acting on the slope surface, seepage pressure, and displacement are monitored during the test procedure. The test results show that the seepage pressure in the faults varies cyclically with the sea waves and is lower at internal points than at outcrops. If the wave loading time is sufficiently long, the seepage pressure and displacement deformation in the fault zone will gradually increase. In other words, failures in fault zones precede submarine landslides. The weak fault zone provides the preferred sliding surface, and the sea waves supply the external dynamic energy for submarine landslides. The conclusions provide guidelines for similar engineering and research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alejandro G, Slobodan B (2017) Hydrological effect of vegetation against rainfall-induced landslides. J Hydrol 549:374–387
Boukpeti N, White DJ, Randolph MF (2012) Analytical modelling of the steady flow of a submarine slide and consequent loading on a pipeline. Géotechnique 62(2):137–146
Bovenga F, Pasquariello G, Pellicani R et al (2017) Landslide monitoring for risk mitigation by using corner reflector and satellite SAR interferometry: the large landslide of Carlantino (Italy). Catena 151:49–62
Cecioni C, Bellotti G (2010) Modeling tsunamis generated by submerged landslides using depth integrated equations. Appl Ocean Res 32:343–350
Chen Y, Uchimura T, Irfan M (2017) Detection of water infiltration and deformation of unsaturated soils by elastic wave velocity. Landslides 14(5):1715–1730
Cotecchiaa F, Santaloiab F, Lollino P (2016) A geomechanical approach to landslide hazard assessment: the Multiscalar Method for Landslide Mitigation. Procedia Eng 158:452–457
Dong YK, Wang D, Mark FR (2017) Runout of submarine landslide simulated with material point method. J Hydrodyn 29(3):438–444
Dou J, Yunus AP, Xu Y et al (2019) Torrential rainfall-triggered shallow landslide characteristics and susceptibility assessment using ensemble data-driven models in the Dongjiang Reservoir Watershed, China. Nat Hazards 97:579–609
Gordon GD, Zhou P, Cui HY et al (2013) Experimental study on cascading landslide dam failures by upstream flows. Landslides 10:633–643
Grant A, Wartmana J, Grace AJ (2016) Multimodal method for coseismic landslide hazard assessment. Eng Geol 212:146–160
Heller V, Spinneken J (2013) Improved landslide-tsunami prediction: effects of block model parameters and slide model. J Geophys Res Oceans 118(3):1489–1507
Ho JY, Lee K (2017) Performance evaluation of a physically based model for shallow landslide prediction. Landslides 14:961–980
James BS (2003) Development of a database and assessment of seafloor slope stability based on published literature. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, pp 89–90
Katz O, Reuven E, Aharonov E (2015) Submarine landslides and fault scarps along the eastern Mediterranean Israeli continental-slope. Mar Geol 369:100–115
Li SC, Zhou Y, Li LP et al (2012) Development and application of a new similar material for underground engineering fluid-solid coupling model test. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31(6):1128–1137
Lin GF, Chang MJ, Huang YC et al (2017) Assessment of susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslides using improved self-organizing linear output map, support vector machine, and logistic regression. Eng Geol 224:62–74
Liu J, Tian J, Yi P (2015) Impact forces of submarine landslides on offshore pipelines. Ocean Eng 95:116–127
Locat J, Lee HJ (2002) Submarine landslides: advances and challenges. Can Geotech J 39(1):193–212
Marcelo A, Farias M, Pedroso M (2016) An assessment of the material point method for modelling large scale run-out processes in landslides. Landslides 13:1057–1066
Marra F (2019) Rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence: systematic underestimation using coarse temporal resolution data. Nat Hazards 95:883–890
Masson DG, Harbitz CB, Wynn RB et al (2006) Submarine landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction. Philos Trans R Soc A 364:2009–2039
McAdoo BG, Watts P (2004) Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides on the Oregon continental slope. Mar Geol 203:235–245
Miao F, Wu Y, Li L et al (2019) Risk assessment of snowmelt-induced landslides based on GIS and an effective snowmelt model. Nat Hazards 97:1151–1173
Migoń P, Jancewicz K, Różycka M et al (2017) Large-scale slope remodelling by landslides—geomorphic diversity and geological controls, Kamienne Mts. Central Europe. Geomorphology 289:134–151
Montrasio L, Schilirò IL, Terrone IA (2016) Physical and numerical modelling of shallow landslides. Landslides 13:873–883
Nikhil NV, Lee SR, Pradhan A et al (2016) A new approach to temporal modelling for landslide hazard assessment using an extreme rainfall induced-landslide index. Eng Geol 215:36–49
Pei XJ, Zhang XC, Guo B et al (2017) Experimental case study of seismically induced loess liquefaction and landslide. Eng Geol 223:23–30
Salciarini D, Fanelli G, Tamagnini C (2017) A probabilistic model for rainfall-induced shallow landslide prediction at the regional scale. Landslides 14(5):1731–1746
Salmi EF, Nazem M, Karakus M (2017) Numerical analysis of a large landslide induced by coal mining subsidence. Eng Geol 217:141–152
Schilirò L, Esposito C, Scarascia G (2015) Evaluation of shallow landslide triggering scenarios through a physically-based approach: an example of application in the southern Messina area (north-eastern Sicily, Italy). Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:2091–2109
Shi XM, Liu BG, Qi Y (2015) Applicability of similar materials bonded by cement and plaster in solid–liquid coupling tests. Rock Soil Mech 36(9):2624–2631
Simoni S, Zanotti F, Bertoldi G et al (2008) Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEO top-FS. Hydrol Process 22:532–545
Urgeles R, Camerlenghi A (2013) Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 118(4):2600–2618
Wang H, Liu HJ (2016) Evaluation of storm wave-induced silty seabed instability and geo-hazards: a case study in the Yellow River delta. Appl Ocean Res 58:135–145
Wang K, Li SC, Zhang QS et al (2016) Development and application of new similar materials of surrounding rock for a fluid-solid coupling model test. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 37(9):2521–2533
Wang W, Chen GQ, Zhang YB et al (2017) Dynamic simulation of landslide dam behavior considering kinematic characteristics using a coupled DDA-SPH method. Eng Anal Bound Elem 80:172–183
Yavari RS, Ataie A (2016) Numerical modeling of subaerial and submarine landslide-generated tsunami waves-recent advances and future challenges. Landslides 13:1325–1368
Yavari RS, Ataie A (2017) A rigorous finite volume model to simulate subaerial and submarine landslide-generated waves. Landslides 14:203–221
Zhang YB, Wang JM, Xu Q et al (2015) DDA validation of the mobility of earthquake-induced landslides. Eng Geol 194:38–51
Zhang M, Huang Y, Bao Y (2016) The mechanism of shallow submarine landslides triggered by storm surge. Nat Hazards 81(2):1373–1383
Zhang M, Zhang WL, Huang Y (2019) Failure mechanism of submarine slopes based on the wave flume test. Nat Hazards 96(3):1249–1262
Zhu ZW, Liu B, Liu P et al (2017) Model experimental study of landslides based on combined optical fiber transducer and different types of boreholes. CATENA 155:30–40
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China (Grant Nos. 51709159, 51679131) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2017T100492, 2017M612273), the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2017GSF220014), the Special Foundation of Postdoctoral Innovation Project of Shandong Province (Grant No. 201702014) and Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Grant No. SKLGDUE K1702), and State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering (Grant No. 2016491211). The authors are grateful to Dr. Yuan Yongcai, Dr. Wang Kang, Yang Xin, Qin Chengshuai, and Wang Lipu from Shandong University for their help during the physical model test. The authors would like to express appreciation to the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, C., Li, S., Zhou, Z. et al. Physical model tests to determine the mechanism of submarine landslides under the effect of sea waves. Nat Hazards 102, 1451–1474 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03982-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03982-1