Abstract
This study used a simulation methodology for dam break analysis and flood simulation in an urbanized arid region, namely Um Al-Khair dam in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The analysis was performed using the 2011 rainfall storm of 111 mm and 281 min duration. The results show that the rainfall depth corresponds to a return period between 50 and 100 years. The hydrograph resulting from this storm was estimated using a rainfall–runoff model. The hydrograph was found to fall in between 100- and 200-years return period. This confirms that it is not necessarily to have the same return period for both rainfall and its corresponding flood due to the nonlinearity of the rainfall–runoff process. The dam breach parameters and the inflow hydrograph were used to model the flood propagation due to Um Al-Khair dam breach using HEC-RAS-2D software. A comparison between the modeled and observed water depths showed a relatively reasonable correlation coefficient of 0.57 and the RMSE of the water depth is 0.45 m, which are acceptable in such studies under the scarcity of accurate field measurements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Fattah M, Kantoush SA, Sumi T (2016a) Evaluating flash floods mitigation scenarios in Wadi Abadi, Egypt. 28–31-August, Colombo, Sri Lanka, IAHR-APD Congress
Abdel-Fattah M, Kantoush S, Saber M, Sumi T (2016b) Hydrological modeling of flash flood at Wadi Samail, Oman. Ann Disas Prev Res Inst 59:533–541. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23353.01126
Abdulrazzak M, Chaabani A, Noor K, Elfeki A, Kamis A (2018) Integrating hydrological and hydraulic modeling for flood risk management in a high resolution urbanized area: case study Taibah University Campus, KSA. In: Recent advances in environmental science from the Euro-Mediterranean and surrounding regions, pp 827–829. ISBN: 978-3-319-70547–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_243
Abdulrazzak M, Elfeki A, Kamis A, Kassab M, Al-Amri N, Noor K, Chaabani A (2019) The impact of rainfall distribution patterns on hydrological and hydraulic response in arid regions: case study Medina Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4043-z
Al Ruheili A, Dahm R, Radke J (2019) Wadi flood impact assessment of the 2002 cyclonic storm in Dhofar, Oman under present and future sea level conditions. J Arid Environ 165(2019):73–80
Al Saud M (2010) Assessment of flood hazard of Jeddah area 2009, Saudi Arabia. J Water Resour Protect 2(9):839–847. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.29099
Albishi M, Bahrawi J, Elfeki A (2016) Derivation of the unit hydrograph of Allith Basin in the South West of Saudi Arabia. In: 7th international conference on water resources and the arid environments (ICWRAE 7), pp 621–628, Riyadh
Albishi M, Bahrawi J, Elfeki A (2017) Empirical equations for flood analysis in arid zones. Arab J Geosci 10:51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2832-4
Bekhira A, Habi M, Morsli B (2019) Management of hazard of flooding in arid urban agglomeration using HEC-RAS and GIS software: the case of the Bechar’s city. J Water Land Dev 42:1. https://doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0041
Brunner GW (2010) HEC-RAS, river analysis system hydraulic reference manual. USACE-HEC, Davis
Chow VT (1959) Open channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Elfeki A, Bahrawi J (2017) Application of the random walk theory for simulation of flood hazards: Jeddah flood 25 November 2009. Int J Emerg Manag 13(2):169. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003685
Elfeki A, Ewea H, Al-Amri N (2014) Development of storm hyetographs for flood forecasting in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci 7(10):4387–4398
Elfeki A, Masoud M, Niyazi B (2017) Integrated rainfall–runoff and flood inundation modeling for flash flood risk assessment under data scarcity in arid regions: Wadi Fatimah basin case study Saudi Arabia. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2559-7
Elfeki A, Chaabani A, Bahrawi J, Alzahrani S (2018) Quick urban flood risk assessment in arid environment using HECRAS and dam break theory: case study of Daghbag Dam in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In: Recent advances in environmental science from the Euro-Mediterranean and surrounding regions, pp 1917–1919. ISBN: 978-3-319-70547-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_553
EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels. Data version: v11.08, 2013. https://www.emdat.be/
Ewea H, Elfeki A, Al-Amri N (2016a) Development of intensity–duration–frequency curves for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Geom Nat Hazards Risk. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2016.1250113
Ewea H, Elfeki A, Bahrawi J, Al-Amri N (2016b) Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2443-5
IPCC Report (2008) The fourth assessment report (AR4). https://www.ipcc.ch/
Marko K (2013) Urban flood hazard modeling in arid region (case study in wadi Qows Jeddah). Unpublished MSc thesis at Department of hydrology and Water Resources Management, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, p 173
Marko K, Elfeki A, Al-Amri N, Chaabani A (2019) Two dimensional flood inundation modeling in urban areas using WMS, HEC-RAS and GIS (Case Study in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia): IEREK interdisciplinary series for sustainable development. In: Advances in remote sensing and geo informatics applications, pp 265–267. ISBN: 978-3-030-01439-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01440-7_62
Masoud M, Niyazi B, Elfeki A, Zaidi S (2014) Mapping of flash flood hazard prone areas based on integration between physiographic features and GIS techniques (case study of Wadi Fatimah, Saudi Arabia). In: 6th international conference on water resources and the arid environments (ICWRAE 6), pp 334–347, 16–17 December, 2014, Riyadh
MGS Engineering Consultant for Water Resources Program (WRP) Technical note 1 (2007). Water resources program publication. 92-55E, (360) 407-6872
Niyazi B, Elfeki A, Masoud M, Zaidi S (2014) Spatio-temporal rainfall analysis at Wadi Fatima for flood risk assessment. In: 6th international conference on water resources and the arid environments (ICWRAE 6), pp 308–314, Riyadh
Noor K, Elfeki A (2017a) Development of a generalized Hayami solution for modeling of a diffusive flood wave in arid and non-arid regions. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2859-6
Noor K, Elfeki A (2017b) Stochastic modeling of a diffusive wave for flood propagation using the random walk particle tracking method in a hypothetical city. Hydrol Process. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13168
Şen Z (2018) Flood modeling prediction and mitigation. Springer, Berlin
US Army Corps of Engineers HEC-HMS https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/
US Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
US Bureau of Reclamation (2011) Dam safety public protection guidelines: a risk framework to support Dam safety decision-making, interim report
Xiong YF (2011) A dam break analysis using HEC-RAS. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University. J Water Resour Protect 3:370–379
Acknowledgements
This Project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under Grant No. (DF-306-155-1441). The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge DSR technical and financial support. The authors would like also to thank Mr. Abdullah Almalieki for drawing the image (Fig. 9).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Azeez, O., Elfeki, A., Kamis, A.S. et al. Dam break analysis and flood disaster simulation in arid urban environment: the Um Al-Khair dam case study, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Nat Hazards 100, 995–1011 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03836-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03836-5